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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neolithic |
- 9000-4700 BC - Warmer and wetter between 8000 BC and 4000 BC = more civilization! |
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Fayum |
- 6500 BC - 5500 BC - Predynastic - 1st agricultural economy - 1st sites found by Caton-Thompson and Gardner to north of Lake Qarun - Social organization, centralization of resources, decision-making - Grouped storage pits |
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Upper Egypt |
- Southern Egypt (Naqada, Abydos, Heirakonpolis) - Inequality in burials - Farming/herding - Pharonic culture arises from here - Horus and Nekhbet (vulture) |
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Badarian |
- Upper Egypt; 5000-4400 BC - Economy based on agriculture, fishing, animal husbandry - Social stratification = more prosperous members of the community in a separate part of cemetery; ceremonial burial w/objects - Buried facing west, towards setting sun - Blacktop red-ware |
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Naqada I/Amratian |
- Upper Egypt; 4500 BC - 3500 BC - Maceheads, slate palettes - Petrie 1896 excavations - Increase in artistic accomplishment -- Bearded males -- Fertility figurines - Animal deity/village separated Egypt based on totems - Mudbrick - White-cross line pottery |
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Naqada II/Gerzean |
- Upper Egypt; 3500 BC - 3200 BC - Artificial irrigation - Specialization of craftsmanship - Cylindrical seals = cultural contact w/Mesopotamian neighbors - Red on buff; wavy handles - Above-ground funerary architecture |
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Naqada III |
- Upper Egypt; 3200 BC - 3000 BC - Protodynastic period; Dynasty 0 - difference between lower/upper Egypt - rulers = personification of Gods - Upper Egypt = white crown, warlike tomb scenes - Lower Egypt = red crown; bureaucratic and commercial - Upper Egypt influenced Lower Egypt art |
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Lower Egypt |
- simple ceramics, settlements - uniform burials - Set and Wadjet (cobra) |
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Merimda |
- Lower Egypt; 5000 BC - 4100 BC - Hermann Junker, the Nazi excavated - Agriculture, fishing, animals, hunting, oval dwellings with hearths and storage areas - first human representational art |
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Merimde Beni Salama |
- evidence of settlement in the Nile Valley/Delta region - oldest truly neolithic site in Lower Egypt - agricultural people - lived in simple huts - very little grave goods or offerings - pottery = contact w/Near East and Nubia |
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Buto-Maadi Culture |
- same as Naqada period - simple undecorated pottery; copper (Jordan) - few burial goods - Maadi = place of contact between Upper and Lower Egypt; stone houses; replaced by Naqada III |
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Dynasty 0 |
- Protodynastic Period; Naqada III - Abydos - Horus falcon - Mentioned in King Lists - relief ornamentation = good source of info, lots of war imagery - development of elite cemeteries and tombs |
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Unification |
- Narmer Palette - Red crown + white crown = domination over Lower and Upper Egypt - Influence in art from Upper to Lower Egypt |
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Dynasty 1 |
- 2950-2750 BC - first nation-state: political territory whose population shares a common identity - divine kingship - specialized craft, political economy, long distance trade, social complexity, centralization and bureaucracy - oldest papyrus |
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Narmer |
- Dynasty 0/1; 3100-3050 BC - Credited w/unification of Egypt in 2950 BC - 1st Pharaoh - King striking enemies = state's claim to dominion and monopoly of power - divine authority - buried at Abydos |
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Den Anedjib |
- 2963-2949 BC - 5th king of Dynasty 1 - son of Djet - Staircase = tomb completed before burial - smiting scene - heb sed festival (jubilee) = "prove your vigor" - first to wear double crowns - King of the Two Lands |
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Semerkhet |
- 6th Pharaoh of Dynasty 1 - Not on Saqqara Kings list (usurper) - buried in Abydos |
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Dynasty 2 |
- 2750-2650 BC - archaic state --> flowering of the pharaonic kingdom - Pharaohs 1-3 = Saqqara - Pharaohs 4-5 = Abydos (influenced by Saqqara tombs) - divided Egypt again? - false doors |
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Hetepsekhemwy |
- 1st king of Dynasty 2 - founded royal cemetery at Saqqara - Tomb: storage galleries branch from a long corridor (more room for stuff) - Huge mastaba |
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Ninetjer |
- 3rd King of Dynasty 2 - gallery tomb next to Hetepsekhemwy - Saqqara |
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Khasekhem(wy) |
- 5th and final king of Dynasty 2 - Abydos - Huge ritual precincts - monuments in Hierakonpolis. - falcon + seth animal = link of lower/upper Egypt |
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Dynasty 3 |
- 2650-2575 BC - Beginning of "Old Kingdom" |
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Netjerikhet (Djoser) |
- 2650-2620 BC - 1st King Dynasty 3 - Step pyramid @ Saqqara; N/S axis; constructed entirely of stone - heb sed ritual - recreation of royal palace @ Memphis - Phasing from old style --> new - false gates; 14 to step pyramid complex (2 real) |
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Dynasty 4 |
- 2575-2450 BC - "Golden Age" of Old Kingdom - Abundant, centralized resources - emphasis on pyramid size - sparse decoration in mortuary temples |
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Snefru |
- 2575-2545 BC - 1st king of Dynasty 4 - reign provided basic labor structure that Khufu used to build the Great Pyramid - Military expeditions to Nubia and Libya --> slaves to increase labor force - large scale quarrying - step pyramid @ Meidum, Bent & Red Pyramids at Dahshur (East/West layout) |
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Khufu |
- 2545-252? - 2nd king of Dynasty 4 - son of Snefru - slave-driving leader - Great Pyramid @ Giza; King's chamber (reliving chambers), Queen's chamber, Subterranean (unfinished) - Boat pits |
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Khafre |
- Son of Khufu; 4th King of Dynasty 4 - 2nd largest pyramid @ Giza - intact casing stones - sarcophagus set into floor; 5 statue niches, magazine, sanctuary - Sphinx: "horus-in-the-horizon", traditional theory |
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Menkaure |
- 5th King of Dynasty 4 - son of Khufu or Khafre, but he was nice - 3rd and smallest pyramid at Giza; cased in 16 layers of granite - sarcophagus lost at sea en route to England - Pyramid temple: huge ass statue from MFA - Valley temple: courtyard turned into settlement |
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Dynasty 5 |
- 2450-2325 BC - Smaller pyramids - more decoration in mortuary temples - Pyramid Texts - focus on sun god Ra - Private individuals can hold highest positions - positions become hereditary rather than chosen by king |
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Userkaf |
- 1st King of Dynasty 5 - First of Sun Kings - built sun temple near Abusir |
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Djedkara Isesi |
- 8th King of Dynasty 5 - move royal pyramid to south Saqqara - Central gov't cut back and local admin improved |
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Unas |
- 2350-2325 BC - Saqqara - high ceilings, false door, great decorations - Pyramid Tests compiled - collection of spells to assist deceased king to reach the heavens |
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Dynasty 6 |
- 2325-2175 BC - Last dynasty of Old Kingdom - Age of power and conspiracies - Saqqara - Instated local governors in the provinces - Servant/serving statues - desiccation of climate adds extra pressure on resources and famines |
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Teti |
- 2348-2320 BC - 1st king of Dynasty 6 - a commoner who married Unas's daughter to gain the throne - Drew back power to the throne - associated with cult of Hathor in Dendara - Viziers no longer related to Royal Family (cont'd from Dyn 5) |
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Meryre Pepi I |
- 2315-2275 BC - 2nd King of Dynasty 6 - son of Teti - mother in law was vizier of Upper Egypt - Copper sculpture is earliest known example of life size metal sculpture - state property --> private or temple property - South Saqqara |
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Neferkara Pepi II |
- 2260-2175 BC - Last ruler of Dynasty 6 - 4 wives, all buried at south Saqqara pyramid - bureaucracy disintegrates; foreign policy drained resources - Significant increase of power to the nobles = hereditary positions = less loyalty to the king - split role of Vizier into two posts |
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Mererurka |
- successor of Kagemni - vizier under King Teti in Dynasty 6 - Important mastaba in Saqqara |
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Kagemni |
- dignitary under Isesi (dyn 5) - judge and nome governor under Unas (5) - vizier under Teti (6) - tomb in Saqqara |
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Ankh-haf |
- Egyptian prince in Dynasty 4 - son of Snefru - vizier and "overseer of all the King's works" of Khafre - buried in largest mastaba G7510 (Giza) - limestone bust depicts individual features rather than stylized portrait of a middle aged man |
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Harkhuf |
- governor of southern Upper Egypt; appointed under King Merenre (4th of dyn 6) - Primary business was trade with Nubia |
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Weni |
- under Pepi I, commander in cheif of the army - 1st person other than Pharaoh to lead an army into battle |
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Herodotus |
- ancient Greek writer (484-425 BC) - invented "history" - stories about pharaohs were almost entirely hearsay from his own travels |
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Hemiunu |
- son of Nefermaat I and Atet; grandson of Snefru - Architect of the Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza - vizier of Khufu - buried in mastaba close to pyramid |
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Hetep-heres |
- Queen of Egypt during Dynasty 4 - Wife of Snefru, mother of Khufu |
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Imhotep |
- vizier, sage, architect, astrologer, and chief minister to Djoser - 2nd King to Dynasty 3 - architect of Step Pyramid built at Saqqara |
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Ka-em-nefret |
- owner of Mastaba III, granite sarcophagus at MFA |
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Manetho |
- Egyptian historian and priest who lived during Ptolemaic era, 3rd century BC - "Aegytiaca" (History of Egypt) - divided rulers into dynasties; modern system of dating ancient Egypt - survives only through abridged versions |
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Metjen |
- high official 3rd/4th Dynasty - tomb inscription: lived and worked under kings Huni and Snefru - first ancient Egyptian texts describing professional career (autobiography of a commoner) |
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Napoleon Bonaparte |
- French military and political leader - 1798 invasion of Egypt - brought scientists, engineers, and scholars to caputre Egyptian culture and history - Description De L'Egypte --> Egyptomania takes off in Europe |
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Nefermaat |
- Egyptian prince; son of Snefru (Dyn 4) - buried w/wife Atet at mastaba in Meidum - "Meidum geese" - father to Hemiunu (architect of Great Pyramid) |
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Neith-hotep |
- earliest known royal lady of Egypt - Naqada - Possible wife of King Narmer - mother of King Aha |
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Ptah-Hetep |
- vizier during reign of Djedkare Isesi (Dyn 5) - author of "The Instruction of Ptah-Hetep"; instructs young men on proper behavior - Saqqara |
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Rahotep & Nofret |
- famous painted limestone statuary - mastaba located near the pyramid of Meidum - members of royal family of Dynasty 4 - possible children of Snefru |
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King Scorpion |
- 2nd of two kings of that name during the Protodynastic Period - a macehead from Hierakonpolis - irrigation ceremony; kings during these early times were in charge of deciding big projects |
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Mehu |
- Chief justice and vizier Teti and Pepi I - Excavated in 1940, near caseway of King Unas's tomb - Saqqara - Stole tomb from previous owner |
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Merneith |
- Wife of Djer, mother of Den - Only queen buried at Umm el-Qaab - stelae: beetles criss-crossed w/arrows - people sacrificed - mutilated slaves |
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Sesheshet |
- mother of King Teti - Pyramid found in 2008 @ Saqqara |
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Flinders Petri |
- 1853-1942 - Great organizer - At Giza from 1880-1881 - Sequenced ceramics from 30-80 - Excavated Naqada in 1896 - "Founding Father of responsible archaeological method" |
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George Teisner |
- one of the most prominent founding fathers of scientific archaeology - 1867-1942 (died at Giza camp) - explored Giza pyramids; found Queen Hetepheres I - emphasized field photography and established a wide range of expedition record books/# systems |
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Gertrude Caton Thompson |
- British archaeologist who distinguished two pre-historic cultures in Upper Egypt - 1888-1985 - conducted excavations: Abydos - advanced hypothesis that earliest civilization originated in Central Africa - meticulousness in excavations and exact recordings of artifacts |
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Giovanni Belzoni |
- Opened Khafre Pyramid Chambers in 1818 |
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Hermann Junker |
1877-1962 - Nazi, excavated Merimde (Lower Egypt) in 1928 |
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Jean Francois Champollion |
- founding figure in Egyptology - 1790-1832 - decipherer of hieroglyphs, 1822 (Rosetta Stone) |
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Josef Eiwanger |
- German Archaeology Institute 1976-82 excavations - Found Merimde male head |
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Karl Richard Lepsius |
- 1810-1884; Prussian Expedition, 1840s - Climbed Khufu Pyramid in 1842 - Published Denmaeler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien - Drew a lot of the inscriptions, preserves the original color in his pictures |
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Mark Lehner |
- current American archaeologist with 30 years of experience excavating ancient Egypt - team currently runs the Giza Plateau Mapping Project - discovered that Pyramid G1-a belonged to Hetep-heres I |
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Battlefield Palette |
- British Museum - earliest representation of battle scene/figures which became hieroglyphs - Naqada III - Enemy being devoured by lion, representing pharaoh - personification of Gods, strategic unions |
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Bent Pyramid |
- Second pyramid built by King Snefru in Dynasty 4 at Dahshur - Rises from desert at 54 degree angle - top is at 43 degrees - Angle changed because the structure began to show signs of instability - Transition from step --> smooth pyramids |
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False Door |
- offering place inside of a pyramid - faces to the east - deceased are often depicted above the central niche in front of a table/offering scene |
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Funerary boats |
- form symbolized transport of dead to afterlife - Khufu: huge, sealed into a pit at the Great Pyramid complex - Rediscovered in 1954 |
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Gebel el-Arak knife handle |
- Louvre - 3150 BC from Upper Egypt (Abydos/Naqada II) - handle made of elephant tust ivory - master of animals: man holding back two animals - Mesopotamian high prowed boat |
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Heb sed |
- festival/jubilee - Djoser/Snefru - "prove your vigor" ceremony to demonstrate Kings still deserve to be Kings |
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Hetep di niswt |
- Gift which the king gives - gives offerings to the gods on behalf of the people |
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Hunters Palette |
- British Museum and Louvre; 3100 BC - Lion being hunted and subdued - People conquering lion, representing chaos |
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Lybian boot/cities palette |
- Cairo; Naqada III, Abydos? - Patron animals of cities - one side = walking lines of animals within registers - other sides - animals clinging to fortress walls |
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Mastaba |
- a style of architecture imported from Mesopotamia - stack multiple = step pyramid - mudbrick or stone - Saqqara - "Bench tombs" |
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Master of Animals |
- Mesopotamian motif - man holding back two animals - Gebel el-Arak knife handle - Seen in Iraq - Royal cylinder seal 2400 BC |
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Mesopotamian high prowed boad (Uruk) |
- image found on rock drawings in Upper Egypt - signifies early contact with Mesopotamian civilization |
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Neb maat |
- "lord of truth" - Snefru |
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Narmer Palette |
- Hierokonpolis (Dyn 0/1) - Egyptian Museum, Cairo; 1898 - smiting scene, Horus, reeds, taming of animals, white and red crowns, standards, decapitated people |
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Nomarchs |
- a provincial governor
- hereditary office from middle of Dynasty 6 onwards |
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Palermo Stone |
- Royal annals - 2498-2345 BC |
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Philae Island |
- island in reservoir of Aswan Low Dam - last hieroglyphic inscription here, AD 394 |
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Portcullis |
- T-shaped grooves to block burial shafts - found only in some tombs in cemetery near Khufu's - To prevent theives, but failed |
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Pyramid Texts |
- Unas had first at Saqqara - Magical spells/incantations taking up several scrolls to help deceased w/journey to afterlife |
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Red on buff |
- Naqada II |
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Red Pyramid |
- Dahshur - 105 m tall - 3rd pyramid built by Snefru - Iron oxide color in the limestone - 3 corbelled chambers - capstone of the pyramid inscribed w/name of pharaoh - Snefru may have actually been buried here |
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Reserve head |
- found at bottom of burial shafts - to be used by the deceased if the mummy/other funerary statues were to get damaged |
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Sequence Dating |
- method of seriation - Petrie - relative chronology |
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Serdab |
- Statue chamber - two eye holes from which the king's statue can watch as you bring offerings |
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Serekh |
- Indicator of royal name - horus falcon on top - palace facade w/serpent motif inside |
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Servant/serving statues |
- Dynasty 6 - statues doing menial tasks to pass that knowledge on to the afterlife |
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Sphinx |
- Carved from natural limestone outcrop - To East of Khafre's pyramid - Khafre/Khufu? - Proximity = Khafre; Face = Khufu - Imagery of pharaoh as a lion |
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Teti pyramid cemeteries |
- large and elaborate tombs - Saqqara - two huge mastabas (Kagemni + Mereruka) - bureaucratic intrigue: elaborate false door w/earlier name removed and replaced by a new person |
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True pyramid |
- Pyramid, subsidiary pyramid, mortuary temple, causeway, valley temple - Starting w/Snefru's pyramid (Dynasty 4) at Meidum |
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White cross-lined ware |
- Naqada I
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Abusir |
- necropolis starting Dynasty 5 - Papyri look like excel spreadsheets - Labeling of damaged items - Lists of daily offerings - Letters, permits, delays in bread payment - organization |
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Abydos |
- Excavated by Amelineau, Petrie, Gunter Dreyer - Earliest evidence for phonetic Egyptian writing - 12 archaic boat graves |
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Aswan |
- high dam built here - Created Lake Nasser - Stopped flooding of the Nile - Elephantine Island |
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Lake Victoria |
- White Nile flows through here |
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Wadi Hammamat |
- Between Red Sea and Nile - Gold mines |
