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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chronological age of young adulthood
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22 to 34
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International standard for defining young adult hood
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18 years old
some scholars use 18 to 25 some say 17 to about 40 this text uses 18-40 |
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(theoretical approach to young adulthood) |
-outcome resulting from specific decisions and choices made along the life course
- A period of undulating stability & stress - Work & relationships are the focus of this transition to adulthood - life structure decision vary by socioeconomic status, parental expectations, & neighborhood conditions. |
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Novice Phase
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Ages 17 to 22 -part of Levinson's seasons of adulthood - transition into young adulthood occurs, including the task of leaving adolescence and making preliminary decision about relationships, careers, and belief systems. - continued personality development and prepare to differentiate (emotionally, geographically financially) from family |
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What are the core features or distinguishing characteristics of young adulthood?
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- financial independence
- occupational planning - educational pursuits -development of significant relationship - new family roles - begin to contribute as a member of society - ** when an individual is first capable of taking care of himself financially, socially, emotionally, spiritually, physically and is prepared to begin caring for other. |
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Erikson's psychosocial theory (theoretical approach to young adulthood) |
Intimacy vs isolation
- Movement from the identity fragmentation, confusion, and exploration of adolescence into more intimate engagement with significant others - Individuals who successfully resolve this task are able to achieve the virtue of love -The critical question: will giving of oneself through a significant, committed relationship result in a loss of self and diminution of one’s constructed identity? |
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Arnett's emerging adulthood (theoretical approach to young adulthood) |
EMERGING ADULTHOOD 1) majority of young persons aged 18-25 believe they have not yet reached adulthood- trying new experiences related to love, work, financial responsibilities & education interest. - working toward and occupation via education, training, or apprenticeship. - residential instability & mobility |
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Arnett's emerging adulthood
(theoretical approach to young adulthood) |
YOUNG ADULTHOOD
1) majority of people in their 30's do agree they have reached adulthood - commitment to adult roles, concerning love, work, financial responsibilities, & education interest. - established in more solid career & moving through occupational transition - Enduring independent residence |
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Default Individualization
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One possible pathway in young auldthood, which involves making transitions defined by circumstances and situation.
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Developmental Individualization
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One possible pathway in young adulthood, which involves making transitions defined by personal agency and deliberately charted growth opportunities in intelectual, occupational and psychosocial domains.
- firmer commitment to goals. values & beliefs for those in developmental individuation path. |
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Cultural Variations
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1) Culture
2) Gender 3) Economic structures 4) Environmental opportunities 5) Family characteristics 6) Individual abilities & limitations |
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Multigenerational Concerns
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Young persons are increasingly becoming primary caretaker for elderly family members while also taking care of their own children
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Physical Functioning in Young adulthood
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- Physical functioning at its height during this age
- Increased awareness of physical change is common - can stay on the parents health insurance till 26 thank to affordable care act. |
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Risk to health in emerging adulthood include:
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- Binge drinking and heavy drinking
- Cigarette use - Potential for STI's of HIV - Sexual experimentation - Injury- related emergency room visits |
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The psychological self
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- Individual continues to explore personal identity and relationship to the world
- Cognition, Spirituality & identity are intertwined aspect of this process. |
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Cognitive development
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1) Individuals expand, refine, and challenge existing belief systems
2) More complex cognitive capabilities 3) Greater awareness of personal feelings 4) Increased ability to see multiple viewpoints and various perspectives |
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Cognitive Development (cont)
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**In terms of moral development, Kohlberg categorized individuals 16 and older as fitting into the post-conventional stage
- Greater independence in moral decision making - More complex contemplation of ethical principles - Development of a “moral conscience” - Move from seeking social approval |
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Spiritual Development
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**A time when individuals explore and refine their belief systems
- Spirituality – focus on that which gives meaning, purpose, and direction to one’s life Faith development: related to Early attachments, Cognitive, interpersonal & identity development. |
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Spirituality develops in 3 dimensions
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1.Cognition: beliefs, values, perceptions, and meaning related to work, love, and life
2.Affect: sense of connection and support; attachment and bonding experiences; psychological attachment to work, love, and life 3.Behavior: practices, rituals, and behavioral experiences |
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Spiritual Development
- synthetic-conventional faith |
- Characterized by transition
rooted in external authority (adolescents)
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Spiritual development
- individuative reflective faith, |
- when person begins to let go of the idea of external authority and looks for authority within the self.
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Identity Development
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- how one thinks about and relates to oneself in the realms of love, work, and ideologies
- Continues well into adulthood Marcia defined stages of identity formation in terms of exploration and commitment of life values, beliefs, and goals -Transition into adulthood by increased self-control while also submitting to the social conventions, structure, and community |
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Identity development (cont)
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- Several factors influence self-esteem
-Marriage, Parenthood , Welfare. Employment -"Stereotype threat” may influence African Americans who are emerging adults - Social networking media have significant impact |
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Social Development and Social Functioning
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- Negotiating new social roles
* Emerging adults dependent on families and/or extended social networks for longer periods of time * Problem behavior in young adults linked to challenges experienced in negotiating new social roles
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* Child Trends Study identifies six categories of vulnerable youth making the transition to adulthood:
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1) Out-of-school youth
2) Youth with incarcerated parents 3) Young welfare recipients 4) Youth transitioning out of incarceration 5) Runaway/homeless youth 6 ) Youth leaving foster care Programs created to facilitate transitioning youth into adulthood. Connecting to mentors. |
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Problems In young Adulthood are?
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1) Adolescence problems in school & with family
2) Aggressive history in childhood 3) Poor educational attainment --> unstable employment --> Strained relationships criminality, & substance abuse |
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Intimacy Vs. Isolation
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Erik Erikson's description of the developmental task of young adulthood: a time when individuals move from identity fragmentation, confusion, and exploration of adolescence into more intimate engagement with significant other or become isolated.
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Intimate relationships in young adulthood
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1) positive relationship with the mother
- effective, clear communication w/her & respect 2) Adaptability of the family Unit - Conflict resolution & appropriate discipline 3) Favorable environmental conditions & adequate resources to accommodate stressors & handle life responsibilities |
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Intimacy
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sense of warmth or closeness
* interdependence with another person * self disclosure & Affection It is at the core of relationship development Important Family factors to develop intimacy 1) positive relationship with mother 2) adaptability of the family unit |
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Romantic Relationships
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Key element in the development of intimacy
- relationship that is sexually oriented, "spontaneous & voluntary." occurs between equal partner - trend: to have sex earlier but marry later |
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Lust
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Sexual attraction
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Attraction
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feeling great pleasure in presence of romantic interest & thinking of the other person all the time
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attachement
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sense of security when in the presence of the romantic attachment figure.
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Satisfaction
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depends on finding a delicate balance between positive & negative interaction across time
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Variations in relationship development
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- single parent families
- childless couples - gay/lesbian couples - couples who marry & choose to live apart due to individual career tracks - couples where partners are in different life stages |
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Parenthood
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Parenting is an interactive process, with reciprocal parent-child and child-parent influences
* father involvement has + effects on children * maternal employment has + influence on mother = better outcomes for the child
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Adjustment to parenthood 5 dimensions
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1)Individual factors, such as how role changes affect one’s sense of self
2) Quality of the partners relationship – how the couple negotiates responsibilities. 3) Quality of the relationship between the young adults and their children 4) Quality of each partners relationships with his/her family of origin 5) Quality of external relationships; school, work, |
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Task associated with responsible fathering
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1) economic & emotional support to children
2) Basic caregiving 3) guidance & control 4) being there or being present |
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special consideration for employed mothers
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1) parenting a child with a functional disability
2) low- income mothers receiving public assistance 3) young adults transitioning out of foster care 4) mother in weak marriages 5) mothers living & working in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. |
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Mentoring & volunteering
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- Young adults seek out older adult mentors and serve as mentors themselves
- Variety of groups and mentoring programs - Interface between business community and community service |
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Work and the Labor Market
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- Transition into world of work is an important element of social development during early adulthood
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- Labor market attachment:
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- Surest route to material well-being - Significantly related to mental health and psychosocial well-being
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- Success in the labor market depends on
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Human Capital – talents, skills, intellectual capacity, social development, emotional regulatory capacity
Community Assets – public infrastructure, adequate transportation to get to work, community networks, and educational opportunities Transformative Assets” – family contributions that defer the economic costs of a college education or the down payment for a house |
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Fictive kin
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friends who are neither biologically nor romantically related to the family but who are adopted as family and give then same rights and responsibilities as family members.
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