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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Springs are used to support the vehicle and its load and absorb road shock.
What are the types? |
- Leaf springs (single or multiple leaf designs)
- Coil springs - Torsion Bars - Air springs (computer controlled) - Air Spring Combinations (computer controlled) |
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Shock absorbers are used to control spring oscillations.
Shock absorbers = spring oscillation dampeners What are the types? |
- Dual Action Hydraulic
- Gas-Charged - Spring/Air Assisted - Electronic Levelling Shock Absorbers - Electronic Ride Control |
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What are the types of Control Arms?
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- A-Frame (controls fore, aft and sideways movement of the wheel assembly)
- Single Pivot |
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What are the functions of Control Arms?
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- Control arms are the connecting links between the moving parts of the suspension.
- They hold the wheel assemblies in alignment with the frame / body while allowing the jounce and rebound action of the springs. |
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What are the function of Suspension Bushings?
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support suspension components through the pivot range, while providing a certain amount of noise isolation.
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What are the types of Suspension Bushings?
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- Threaded metal
- Torsilastic (used at control arms, trailing arms, shock absorbers & leaf spring bushings) |
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What is the function of Ball Joints?
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provide pivot points for suspension movement between the steering knuckle/spindle assembly and the control arm, while also allowing steering action
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What are the types of Ball Joints?
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Dampening Ball Joints
- also called guiding or following Load Carrying Ball Joints - compression loaded - tension loaded |
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What is the purpose of Stabilizer Bars?
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- to reduce body roll during vehicle cornering
- larger diameter produce more positive control |
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What are the types of Control Arms?
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- A-frame
- Single Pivot |
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What are the types of Solid Axle suspension design?
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- I-beam Suspension
(tough and durable, used on heavier trucks and buses) - Twin I-Beam Suspension (unique to Ford) |
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What are the types of Independent Front Suspension system?
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- Short and Long Arm (SLA)
- MacPherson Strut - Modified Strut -Double Wishbone |
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What are the types of Rear Wheel Drive Suspensions?
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- Leaf spring models
- Coil spring models |
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During cornering, steering forces tend to produce vehicle yaw, or lateral rotation.
What does vehicle momentum produce? |
body roll and inertial forces (G forces)
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What is Sprung weight?
What are some examples? |
Any mass or vehicle component supported by the springs.
-body, engine, transaxle, vehicle occupants |
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What is Unsprung weight?
What are some examples? |
- any weight or vehicle component NOT supported by the springs
- wheels, tires, some axles |
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Driveshalft, control arms, and springs can be classed as partially sprung or unsprung as their mass is supported by the frame and springs.
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What are the types of Air Suspensions
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- Electronic Level Control (ELC)
- Full Air Suspension - Active Air Suspension |
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What is the steps for Suspension Diagnosis?
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- Ride Height (on level floor, same size and type of tire and properly inflated)
- Ball Joints (inspect for signs of binding, damaged grease seals and excessive movement) - Suspension Bushings (severe weathering, distortion, polished areas and seized components) - Shock Absorbers and Struts (obvious physical damage, leaks, jounce) - Computerized Suspension Systems |
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When control arms are removed for any reason, it is essential to maintain complete control of the spring. An uncontrolled spring can be deadly. NEVER disconnect the ball joint until the control arm and spring are properly supported.
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Anytime the strut is disassembled, it is extremely important to inspect the upper strut mount bearing for condition and lubrication.
What are the precautions when working with struts? |
Be careful to avoid damage to:
- spring coating (epoxy) - CV joints and boots - ball joints - brake hoses |
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What is the purpose of Steering Linkage?
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accurately transmits steering effort from the steering gear to the steering knuckles, while allowing for suspension travel.
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What are the types of steering linkage?
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- Fore-Aft (Drag Link)
(no longer used on cars, only heavy trucks and buses) - Haltenberger (common to Ford with twin I-beam suspension) - Parallelogram (Solid Centre Link) (most common with RWD) - Rack and Pinion (most common with FWD) |
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An uneven centre link can cause uneven toe change on the front wheels, resulting in bump steer.
What does this dangerous condition cause? |
vehicle to dive to one side when driving over dips or bumps in the road.
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