Summer2008 Geog3251 Final Exam

Front 1

mountain forests cover

Back 1

9 mill km^2

Front 2

mountain forests are __ % of world forests

Back 2

28%

Front 3

afforestation

Back 3

establishing a forest on land that isn't a forest or hasn't been a forest for a long time

by planting trees / seeds

Front 4

afforestation ex

Back 4

60% increase in Switzerland

since 1860s

Front 5

deforestation ex

Back 5

pacific northwest

Front 6

colorado afforestation

Back 6

afforestation since 1860s with park creation

(RMNP - 1915)

Front 7

implications of afforestation

Back 7

1. politics / policy

2. fire protection

3. human activity (tree planting)

Front 8

5 factors affecting soil formation

Back 8

1. climate

2. topography

3. organisms

4. parent material

5. time

Front 9

soil v agriculture

Back 9

the 5 factors of soil formation aren't conducive to agriculture `

Front 10

why aren't mountain regions ideal for agriculture

Back 10

-not flat

- not accessable

-climate

-soil

-land clearing

Front 11

"GOOD SOIL "

Back 11

good drainage

dependent on parent material

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reasons for afforestation

Back 12

protection

human activity

fire protection

Front 13

difference between cloud forest and coastal rain forests

Back 13

CLOUD FORESTS:

-precip fueld by condensation
-warmer temp

COASTAL RAIN FOREST:
-lower temp
-lower Saturation Vapor Pressure
(causing precip)

Front 14

Cloud Forest

Back 14

-high temps
-high relative humidity

--water vapor condenses on needles -- can increase precip

Front 15

"condensation nuclei"

Back 15

water vapor condensed on needles

*can increase precip 20%*

"mist nets" collect precip by placing fire nets in cloud forest

Front 16

Cloud Forest EX

Back 16

Andes

Peru

Front 17

Coastal Rain Forest

Back 17

-rain shadow

-has more biomass than any other ecosystem
**IE Nurse Logs**

**300 ft tall Hemlock Trees**

Front 18

Coastal Rain Forest EX

Back 18

Pacific northwest

(coastal mountains)

Front 19

deforestation in mtn regions caused by

Back 19

agriculture

mining

Front 20

best agricultural land

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1. good soil
-nutrients -- (not too much leaching)
-good drainage

2. precipitation
-depends on what is growing

3. timing to match phenology

4. low wind speeds

5. accessable

6. topography

7. terracing

8. demand for crops

Front 21

why agriculture is being pushed uphill

Back 21

1. social pressure
-- agriculture not viewed as best land use

2. water resources
-- want to be close to water source (eg mountains)

3. politics / policy
-consumption regulations
-conservation

4. population
--growth in prime agricultural regions

Front 22

3 crops not economically efficient in mtns

(so they're imported)

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1. rice

2. corn

3. wheat

Front 23

unique aspects of mountain agriculture

Back 23

1. not flat
-- effects rooting depth, water infiltration, soil thickness/ soil properties

2. accessability
-- cultivation, labor, fuel, transporation

3. microclimate

Front 24

slope affecting mtn agriculture

Back 24

1.rooting depth of plants

2.water infiltration

3.soil thickness / soil properties

Front 25

accessability affecting mtn agriculture

Back 25

1. cultivation

2. labor

3. fuel

4. transporation

Front 26

TERRACING

adaptation to mtn agriculture

Back 26

TERRACING

-prevents runoff
(due to irrigation)
((takes advantage of aspect))

Front 27

MULTICULTURE

adaptation to mtn agriculture

Back 27

less vulnurable to economic change

more sustainable crops

need less pesticides

Front 28

Adaptations to mtn's for Agriculture

Back 28

1. terracing

2. multiculture

3. grazing (goats / cattle)

Front 29

social issues with mtn agriculture

Back 29

1. many world conflicts in mtn regions

2. many fighting over scarce resources

3. destroy resources

Front 30

__% of world conflicts occur in mtn regions

Back 30

85%

Front 31

fighting in mtn regions over 3 scarce resources:

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1. food

2. resources

3. transportation

Front 32

health issues with agriculture

Back 32

1. need energy to harvest
-- energy requirements increase due to lower oxygen concentration

2. lower humidity == degradation

3. radiation
temp decrease = must increase mrtabolism to maintain constant body temp
(+ decrease in air pressure + high winds)

Front 33

cooking issues in mtns

Back 33

need water
(for rice)
--effected by quality and quantity

-boiling point affected
(takes longer to cook
== need more fuel)

Front 34

boiling pt and altitude

Back 34

increase in altitude = decrease in pressure

lower pressure makes it easier to expand
-- so need less heat
IE -- LOWER BOILING POINT

**BUT since boiling pt is lower, it takes longer for food to cook in that boiling water


*** THUS YOU NEED MORE FUEL***

Front 35

boiling pt at sea level:

boiling pt at 2,000m asl

Back 35

sea level = 100*C

2,000 m asl = 98*C

Front 36

lower pressure = ____ BP

Back 36

lower boiling pt

Front 37

nutrients in mtns

Back 37

soils low in nutrients

-- spring melt flushes the thin soil
(ionic pulse downstream)

--nutrients low to begin with
--nutrient deficiency (iodine)

Front 38

nutrients required for...

Back 38

1. thyroid functioning

2. vitamin A
-- eyes / vision
-- growth & development

3. vitamin D
-- needed for bones
-- immune system
**added to milk**
**inorganic mineral (we can't make it)

Front 39

indication of ice on mars

Back 39

polygon shape
(like feldsemier)

*similar to frost action in mtn enviros*

Front 40

slash and burn for agriculture

Back 40

puts nutrients back into soil

agriculture takes up nutrients

agriculture harvested -- nutrients not returned

Front 41

sequence of clearing forest for agriculture

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1. clearcut

2. terraced
((MASSIVE LEACHING))

3. grazing
((removes remaining veg))

4. abandoned

Front 42

"LULC"

Back 42

" land use land change "

Front 43

shift from agriculture to urban ===

Back 43

decreased crop area

increase rice patties

increase h2o required

EX**THAILAND**

Front 44

(start of) forests pushed uphill due to

Back 44

acriculture moving up more into mountains

forest converted to agriculture

Front 45

machu picchu

Back 45

in CLoud Forest

-terraces

- ex of successful mtn agriculture (working at correct scale-- small scale)

Front 46

wind chill =

Back 46

air temp + wind speed

Front 47

lung capacity

Back 47

pressure decrease affects breathing rate

oxygen concentration decrease

Front 48

human adaptations dealing with high alt

Back 48

*pressure decrease
== increased lung capactiy


*o2 concentration decrease =
-increased hemoglobin production
(increases oxygen transport)

-enlarged heart (long term)

Front 49

human problems with high alt

Back 49

wind chill

lung capacity

radiation
(fewer molecules to absorb radiation)

Front 50

reasons for uphill push of agriculture

Back 50

1. social pressure

2. water resources

3. politics / policy

4. popultation growth

Front 51

when elevation is asl BP is..

Back 51

less than 100*C

Front 52

4adaptations of mountain agriculture

Back 52

1. terracing

2. take advantage of aspect
(cosin law of illumination)

3. cultivate many species (multiculture)

4. grazing can be successful in mtn regions

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human physiology
(in mtns)

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1. low temp
(higher metabolism)

2. high winds
(heat loss - wind chill - dessication:ie extreme drying)

3. radiation (uv exposure)

4. low pressure (lack of O2)

Front 54

visible light wavelength

Back 54

400 - 700 nm

(.4 - .7 micrometers)

Front 55

UV wavelength

Back 55

100 - 400 nm

(.1 - .4 micrometers)

Front 56

cloudy conditions & UV exposure

Back 56

clouds reflect back UV

UV exposure is harder to detect

**cloudy = most severe sunburns**


-PlANTS have advantage in cloudy conditions
-- bc have advantage under diffuse UV conditions
*HIGHER PAR EXPOSURE*
-- ie coastal rain forests
cloud forests

Front 57

wavelengths;
UV-C
UV-B
UV-A

Back 57

UV-C = 100 - 290 nm
UV-B = 290 - 320 nm
UV-A = 320 - 400 nm

Front 58

WL v ENERGY

Back 58

WL decrease = energy increase

Front 59

most harmful type of UV

Back 59

UV-C (most energy)

(UV-A is least harmful)

Front 60

sunscreen protects against

Back 60

UV-A & UV-B

((not UV-C ... bc its absorbed in the stratosphere))

Front 61

plants and UV

Back 61

UV can't be used for photosynthesis (only visible used)

Front 62

plant adaptations to UV

Back 62

1. cuticle

2. pigment

3. aspen

Front 63

pigment adaptation to UV

Back 63

when chlorophyl is absorbed see yellow / orange pigments

Front 64

aspen adaptation to UV

Back 64

white bark protects chlorophyl in barck from UV

(the white "powder" reflects UV)

Front 65

people BENEFITS to UV

Back 65

*production of Vitamin D
-- vitaminm D = bone production

*tanning protects against subsequent burns

Front 66

dessication

Back 66

state of extreme dryness

Front 67

people RISKS to UV

Back 67

1. skin cancer

2. vision

Front 68

skin cancer
(risk to UV)

Back 68

esp. melanoma

*colorado is #1

*= DNA damage due to UV exposure

.. most damage occurs when young (builds up in body)

Front 69

vision
(risk of UV exposure)

Back 69

-prolonged / excessive exposure can damage lenses
(lenses focus light on the retina)

-UV- B is absored in the lens

*cataracts

Front 70

cataracts
(vision prob due to UV)

Back 70

clouding of the lens = cloudy vision

- mostly in elderly

- in mtn enviros cataracts occur @ younger age (due to increased UV exposure

Front 71

sunscreen

Back 71

more UV absorbed in sunscreen -- decreases that absorbed in skin / transmitted thru skin

Front 72

oxygen concentration prob for ppl

Back 72

hypoxia

Front 73

hypoxia

Back 73

symtoms associated with lack of oxygen

(occurs above 8,000 ft)

Front 74

mild hypoxia

Back 74

"acute mtn sickness"

SYMPTOMS:
-fatigue
-headache
-nausea
-shortness of breath
-dehydration
-insomnia
-loss of appetite

TREATMENT:
-go to lower alt
-stay hydrated
-no exertion

**takes 3-6 months to develop more hemoglobin (to transport O2)

Front 75

severe hypoxia

Back 75

"high altitude pulminary edema"

SYMPTOMS:
-dizzyness
-lack motor skills
-lack cognitive skills
-cough
-nausea
-"edema" = fluid in lungs
(pneumonia-like symptoms)

TREATMENT:
-oxygen mask
-lower alt

**FATAL if not dealt w/ immediately**

Front 76

machu pichu handout

Back 76

-in andes mtns

-city in peru

-built 1460 AD

-8,000 ft
(above cloud forest)

-used terracing to decrease erosion and increase cultivation area
(potatos / maize)

Front 77

big thompson canyon flood

(handout)

Back 77

1976

-killed tourists (in camping area)

-canyon walls = sheer rock -- little soil / veg to absorb runoff

Front 78

winchill temp

Back 78

temp it "feels like"

wind increase = body cooled faster

*doesn't impact inanimate objects (can't be cooled below actual temp)

Front 79

frostbite

Back 79

injury due to freezing body tissue

-extremities most susceptible

-symptoms - loss of feeling + white

Front 80

hypothermia

Back 80

abnomally low body temp (95*F)

uncontrollable shivering
memory loss
disorientation
incoherence
drowsiness

TREATMENT _ med attention immediately
-if not - warm body slowly

Front 81

popped ears

Back 81

increase in elevation - decreases pressure in outer ear (ear drum bulges in)

*opp with decrease elevation*

=closes eustachian tube
--opening tube flattens eardrum + popping noise