Summer2008 Geog 3251 - Exam 1

Front 1

TALLEST mountain in the world

Back 1

Mauna Kea

(Hawaiian island)

33,000 ft asl
(10,000 m asl)

Front 2

HIGHEST mountain in the world

Back 2

Mt. Everest

29,000 ft asl
(8,848 m asl)

Front 3

Himalayan mountains formed

Back 3

when indo-Australian plate converged with Eurasian plate

seafloor between the two land masses (india and asia) thrust up

****SO seafloor = the top of Mt. Everest****

Front 4

Examples*of*Continental Shields

Back 4

Indian Shield

Canadian shield

greenland shield

Guyana shield

Guapore shield

Australian shield

Baltic Shield

Swazi shield

Front 5

boundary between aesthenosphere and lithosphere

Back 5

transition zone -- not sharp divide

Front 6

magma
v
lava

Back 6

magma - under ground

lava - at surface

Front 7

oceanic trench forms

Back 7

when one oceanic plate subducted beneath the other

Front 8

Hawaiian Islands form

Back 8

pacific plate has moved over a hot spot in the mantle
((ie a plume of high head that stays in a fixed location))

sheild volcanos form when moves over hot spot

plate moves north west
(new islands formed south east)

Loihi is forming NOW

Front 9

resurgent caldera

Back 9

continental crust about a hot spot

in Yellowstone

Front 10

folding in compressional tectonics

Back 10

-overturned fold

-recumbent fold

-overthrusting

Front 11

airy hypothesis

Back 11

mountain ranges have roots of sialic rock that penetrate the denser SIMA rock below

(ie sial penetrates sima -- even though sial less dense)

Front 12

development of a RIFT VALLEY involves

Back 12

- mantle motion

- faulting

- collapse of elongated strips of crust

- crustal thinning


**sometimes lava erupts along fault planes

Front 13

lakes fill...

Back 13

large portions of rift valleys in E Africa

Front 14

eruptive sequence of resurgent caldera

Back 14

1. magma mass rises to a few km below surface... bulging the ground upward

** the cap becomes rich in volatiles and low density components (ie SiO2)

2. Plinian eruptions begin from circular fractures (around bulge)
*circular ring of fire*

3. mago pours out in pyroclastic flow ((huge volume))
** causes ground surface to sink into giant caldera*

4. removal of magma decreases crustal pressure -- so new magma bulges up the caldera floor

Front 15

in US 3 calderas had giant eruptions w/i 1 million yrs

Back 15

Valles caldera in New Mexica

Long Valley, Cali

Yellowstone NP, Wyoming

Front 16

why definition of mtn important

Back 16

defining boundaries

political and resource mgmt implications

Front 17

definition of a mountain

PHYSICAL ASPECTS

Back 17

land mass

unique ecosystems

high elevation / altitude

steep slopes

*** CAN HAVE STEEP SLOPES and/or** HIGH ELEVATION TO BE CONSIDERED A MOUNTAIN

Front 18

high elevation/ high altitude's effects

Back 18

affects plant type / growth

decrease O2 concentration

decrease temp

increase wind

thin and leached soil

Front 19

steep slopes' effects

Back 19

accessability

hazards (avalanches / mass wasting / floods)

soils affected

morning wind (from east to west up the mountain)

night wind (from west to east down the mountain)
** air heats / expands / rises**

Front 20

definition of a mountain

SOCIAL ASPECTS

Back 20

1. center of a resource
an icon

2. source of power

3. diety

Front 21

mountains as an icon or center

Back 21

*black hills, SD

(mt rushmore)

significant social reference

(dark bc pine trees absorb visible)

Front 22

mountains as a source of power

Back 22

MOTION (avalanche, volcano, extreme weather, earthquakes)

**many associate these events with signals from the divine**


*EX. Mt. Olympus

Front 23

mountains as diety

Back 23

divine locations

our connection to the divine

places of worship

viewed as centers of creation

Front 24

social constructs (having to do with defining a mtn)

Back 24

resources

hazards

Front 25

mountains are found on..

Back 25

ALL continents

Front 26

distribution (%) of world's mountains

Back 26

52% ASIA

36% NORTH AMERICA

25% EUROPE

22% SOUTH AMERICA

17% AUSTRALIA

3% AFRICA

Front 27

mtns supply freshwater

Back 27

> 1/2 worlds freshwater supply

major rivers originate in mtn enviros

Front 28

mtns directly support ppl

Back 28

10% population lives in mountains

10% pop directly supported by mtns

Front 29

elevation effecting terrestrial surface cover

Back 29

increase elevation = decrease terrestrial surface cover

> 500 m asl = 48% cover

> 1,000 m asl = 27% cover

>2,000 m asl = 11% cover

> 3,000 m asl = 5% cover

> 4,000 m asl = 2% cover

Front 30

mixing ratios vs altitude

Back 30

mixing ratio stays the same... but still less overall

Front 31

earthquake scale

Back 31

not linear

7 is 10x worse than 6 is 10x worse than 5...

Front 32

"oros"

Back 32

mountain

Front 33

"genic"

Back 33

creation / birth

Front 34

continents consist of 2 basic types

Back 34

1. continental shield

2. orogenic belt

Front 35

continental shield

2 types

Back 35

1. exposed sheild

2. covered shield

Front 36

exposed shield

(type of continental sheild)

Back 36

precambrien (b4 life)
(4.5-4.6 bya)

complex geologic history

Front 37

covered shield

(type of continental shield

Back 37

erosion from mountains creates sediments

shields = covered by younger sedimentary rock
(usually aquatic origin)

Front 38

origins of mtn formation on continents

Back 38

1. CONTINENTAL SHIELD
-inactive
-flat
-old rock

2. OROGENIC BELT
-active
-high releif
-new rocks

Front 39

orogenic belts found..

Back 39

along boundary of lithospheric plates

Front 40

dude who came up with plate tectonic theory

Back 40

alfred wegener

wrote
"the origin of continents and oceans"
1915

Front 41

the lithospheric plates

Back 41

1. oceanic

2. continental

Front 42

continental plates

Back 42

-SIAL (silica aluminum)

-light colored granite

-low density (2.8 g/cm^3)

-thick (~40 km)

Front 43

oceanic plates

Back 43

-SIMA (silica magnesium)

-dark colored basalt

-high density (3 g/cm^3)

-thin (~8km)

Front 44

lithospheric plates on top of..

Back 44

float on top of plastic aesthenosphere

Front 45

"AIRY Hypothesis"

Back 45

ie mountain roots

SIAL (less dense rock) extends deep into crust under mountains

further from mountains SIMA (denser rock) is closer to the surface

**w/TIME**
the top of the mountain is eroded away but the mountain root is still there (ie SILA goes deeper there than further away)

EX. appalachians

Front 46

ex of mountain roots / airy hypothesis

Back 46

Appalachians

Front 47

why plates move

Back 47

CONVECTION
mass movement of material due to differences in pressure / volume

(diff in pressure / volume caused by differences in heating and cooling
IE radioactive decay)

Front 48

types of mountains

Back 48

depend on formation (IE depends on tectonics)

1. tectonic

2. volcanic

Front 49

Tectonic Processes

Back 49

1. compression / plate CONVERGENCE

2. extension / plate DIVERGENCE

Front 50

Volcanic Processes

Back 50

1. subduction

2. hotspots

Front 51

Compression / plate Convergence

(tectonic process)

Back 51

same plate crushes together

-occurs at convergent plate boundaries

- often mtn chains made of intensely deformed material

-intensely folded and faulted = wave like structure

EX. Himalayas

Front 52

Plate Convergence -> Mountains

EXAMPLE

Back 52

Himalayas

Front 53

folding sequence

Back 53

-overturn fold

-recumbant fold

-overthrusting

Front 54

plate tectonics theory proven?

Back 54

took until 60's to be solidified

-putting communication cables at bottom of ocean and saw oceanic ridge

Front 55

neccessary for tectonics theory

Back 55

-- has to be a place where crust is created

-- all material alligns with N and S pole
-- as solidifies gets locked in place
-- normal and reversed polarity line up with mid-atlantic ridge

Front 56

polarity driven by

Back 56

convection due to circulation in the MANTLE

Front 57

along west coast of N america

Back 57

oceanic - continental convergnece

Front 58

oceanic-continental convergence

Back 58

more common than oceanic-oceanic

-coastal mtns often confined to coast within the boundary of the subduction zone

Front 59

oceanic - continental convergence mountains

EXAMPLE

Back 59

Mt. St. Helens

Front 60

Rocky Mountains

Back 60

formed due to shallow subduction... so occurs further inland

(happens in N america, NOT S america)

Front 61

continental - continental convergence

EXAMPLE

Back 61

tibetan plateau

Front 62

mid-atlantic ridge

Back 62

divergent oceanic-oceanic

Front 63

divergent oceanic -oceanic

EXAMPLE

Back 63

mid-atlantic ridge

Front 64

divergent continental-continental

EXAMPLE

Back 64

African Rift Valley

Front 65

relative thickness of continental crust - oceanic crust

Back 65

40 to 8

a FACTOR of 5

(continental crust is 5x the thickness of oceanic crust)

Front 66

oceanic divergence

vs

continental divergence

Back 66

OCEANIC DIVERGENCE
new material raises UP at divergence pt
(b/c crust is thin)

CONTINENTAL DIVERGENCE
material falls down (bc thick crust)
*H2O may fill area of divergence

Front 67

water and continental divergence

Back 67

water often fills area that moves down due to divergence

waterfalls-*VICTORIA FALLS*

filled w/water= *RED SEA*

Front 68

oceanic-oceanic convergnece

Back 68

not significant b/c crust is thin --- doesn't really create mountains

Front 69

SUBDUCTION
continental - oceanic

(volcanic process)

Back 69

oceanic plate Subducts
(bc thinner and denser)

-as it goes down pressure and temp increase

- as plate subducts DEFORMATION (forms mountains)
-Cracks and Fissures create volcanos

*DEEP TRENCH*

Front 70

subduction of oceanic - continental

EXAMPLES

Back 70

Andes mountains

Cascade Mountains

Front 71

properties of rocky mtns

Back 71

young

still rising

had huge volcanoes in past

*formed due to shallow oceanic-continental subduction creating "drag"

Front 72

SUBDUCTION
oceanic-oceanic

(volcanic process)

Back 72

*MORE DOWNWARD deformation
(than cont-ocean)

still get upwelling of magma

creates deep trench and island chain / arc

Front 73

oceanic -oceanic subduction

EXAMPLE

Back 73

aleautian acipelago

Front 74

SUBDUCTION
continental -continental

(volcanic process)

Back 74

SOME subduction... but due to thickness --- not much chance of volcanic activity

Front 75

continental - continental Subduction

EXAMPLE

Back 75

himalayas

Front 76

HotSpots
2 kinds

(volcanic activity)

Back 76

1. KFC

2. No lid on pressure cooker

Front 77

result in volcanic activity

Back 77

1. subduction

2. hotspots

Front 78

no lid on pressure cooker
(hot spot)

"fondu"


EXAMPLE

Back 78

Hawaii

Front 79

no lid on pressure cooker
(hot spot)

"fondu"

Back 79

OCEANIC

slow gentle release of material

ALL BIG ISLAND CHAINS made from this

Front 80

KFC

hotspot

EXAMPLE

Back 80

yellowstone

Front 81

KFC

hotspot

Back 81

CONTINENTAL

continental shield with a hotspot underneath

** the "lid" increases pressure and temp

bulging at surface
*increases elevation*

causes geysers (groundwater goes down, increases in themp then vaporizes)

no magma is being released... when finally does = SUPER VOLCANO

Front 82

hotspots general

Back 82

when a plate moves over a magma plume

**DOESN"T HAVE to DO WITH A PLATE BOUNDARY

Front 83

meteorology

Back 83

the study of weather

(stuff falling from the sky)

*short term atmospheric conditions*

Front 84

climatology

Back 84

the study of climate

*long term atmospheric conditions (to see consistent pattern*

Front 85

"clime"

Back 85

slope

Front 86

atmospheric conditions

Back 86

precipitaion

air pressure (ie barometric pressure)

wind

air temp

o2 concentration

water vapor concentration

radiation (UV)