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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the factors that influence attraction and liking?
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-proximity
-physical attractiveness -similarity -matching hypothesis -repiprocity of liking -repeat exposure self esteem changes -anxiety -isolation |
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reason people enter into relationships
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affection
control predictability support companionship |
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what's the matching hypothesis?
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attracted to people who match our own perception of our own attitudes
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What is the social penetration theory
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idea that relationships develop almost solely through self disclosure
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what are the stages of social penetration theory?
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-orientation: hi, how are you?
-exploratory exchange: more involved questions -affective exchange: more emotional exchanges -stable exchanges: know person very well, predictable exchanges |
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what are the stages in Knapp's theory of the life cycle of relationships?
coming together |
-Initiating: initial display of self
-Experimenting: small talk, audition -Intensifying: self disclosure increases, nicknames, “we” pronouns -Integrating: cultivate opinions as a couple, others treat you as a couple, romance, common property -Bonding: public ritual, formal binding, social and institutional support |
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what are the stages in Knapp's theory of the life cycle of relationships?
coming apart |
-Differentiation: talk about differences more, more me/you than we, disagreements
-Circumscribing: less info exchanged, topics controlled, superficial comm., less reciprocity -Stagnating: almost no comm., marking time, no pleasantries -Avoiding: avoid face to face, admit avoiding -Terminating: summary statements, future apart talk |
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what is a relational climate?
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emotional tone of an episode/relationship, determined by how valued people see themselves
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what are the two types of relational climates
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-confirming/disconfirming
-defensive/supportive |
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what are confirming climate messages characterized by?
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-acknowledge the person
-provide authentic response to other -focus on listening |
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what are disconfirming climate messages characterized by?
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-impervious responses (ignoring)
-interrupting responses (break in) -tangential responses (go off topic) -impersonal responses (disengagement) -disagreement focuses on person, not idea |
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what are defensive climate messages characterized by?
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-evaluation "you"
-control -strategy (trickery) -neutrality -superiority -certainty |
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what are supportive climate messages characterized by?
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-description "I feel"
-spontaneity -empathy -equality -provisionalism |
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what is the dialectical perspective?
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-can refer to logical argument
-not always tense -set of opposing or contradictory impuses that create tension btw two people -contradiction is inherent -contradiction drives change |
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what are the three main types of relational dialectics?
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-autonomy vs direction (independence vs interdependence)
-certainty vs uncertainty -openness vs. closedness |
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autonomy vs. direction
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want your space but also want connectivity with others
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certainty vs uncertainty
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enjoy predictability, but crave excitement
-want someone to be there for you |
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openness vs. closedness
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sharing vs. not sharing
how much is too much? |
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what are norms?
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guidelines that limit and direct behavior
shows us whats important in the relationship |
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what are roles?
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set of behaviors that apply to a subclass
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what's an intrarole conflict?
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one role, pulled in two directions
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what's an interrole conflict?
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two roles with contradictory expectations
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findings about verbal behaviors in men
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-decide what to talk about and how long
-focused on individual -direct in communication -aware of hierarchy -achievement oriented |
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findings about verbal behaviors in women
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-disclose more info
-ask more questions -elicit responses -use positive minimal responses -explicitly acknowledge other -focus on group -reliant on context -feel more equal -nurturing |
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communicative outcomes of women
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-high priority on family and friends
-polite, respect and courtesy valued -more sensitive and indirect in comm -qualifiers, intensifiers, verabl fillers |
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communicative outcomes of men
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-more assertive
-challenging speech |
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what is androgyny?
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-not the absence of gender
-traits of both genders, either a lot or a little |
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what dimensions comprise adrogyny?
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masculinity, feminity
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characteristics of women's speech
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tentative structure
rising voice intesifiers hedges questions |
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characteristics of men's speech
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arguing
verbal posturing jokes verbal aggression |
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nonverbal examples of men and women differences
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-women smile more
-men onl smile if no other male is present |
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What is Edelsky's floor model?
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ways convos are structured/organized
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characteristics of floor one
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-monologues
-single speaking terms -declarative statements -men more likely to be here |
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characterisics of floor two
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-free for all
-conversational overlap -lack of clear turn taking -repitition -women likely to be here |
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what is gender linked language effect (GLLE)?
how was it studied? |
-transcripted convos were rated: sex of speaker
-males: dynamic women: aesthetic quality, higher socio-intellectual status |
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what's persuasion?
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any attempt to influence our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
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source characteristics
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-credibility
-similarity attractiveness |
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credibility characteristics
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-expertise: amount of training, knowledge, experience source has on a topic
-trustworthiness: how honest or unbiased source is -charisma/dynamism |
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message characterisics
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-positive emotion
-evidence -fear appeal |
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when to use a one sided message
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-audience agrees already
-no controversy -low familiarity |
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when to use a two sided message
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-audience disagrees
-controversial topic -high familiarity |
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door in the face
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request large
they deny request small |
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foot in door
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request small
they agree request large |
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What’s the balance theory?
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-Triangle of love
-Intimacy, passion, commitment |
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Cognitive dissonance theory
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We have a need for consistency (beliefs, attitudes, behavior)
Dissonance is uncomfortable feeling caused by inconsistency in those -Motivated to reduce it to reduce stress |
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ways to reduce dissonance
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-add constant cognition/belief
-alter importance of cognition/belief -change behavior |
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traditional marriage style
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-traditional view of marriage
-interdependent use of time, space -moderate conflict -big ticket items -most satisfied type |
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independent marriage style
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-nontraditional view of marriage
-independent use of time/space -open, assertive conflict |
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separates marriage style
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-traditional view of marriage
-independent use of time and space -low conflict -more negative -least satisfied type |
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what are some assumptions about the cognitive dissonance theory
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there is always conflict
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expected and enacted roles
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expected: what you are supposed to do
enacted: what you actually do |
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belief, attitude, behavior
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belief: subjective truth
attitude: way you feel behavior: way you act |
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according to Fitzpatrick what are the three dimensions on which couples are evaluated in the marital typology
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view of marriage
conflict use of time, space |
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elements of conflict
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assertiveness and cooperation
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conflict styles
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avoidance
competitiveness compromise accomodation collaboration |
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steps in collaboration
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-qualification: limit discussion to problem
-disclosing: share thoughts& elicit others -show empathy -recognize commonality -accept responsibility |
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avoidance
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-low on assertiveness and cooperation
-denial -topic avoidance -topic shifting -joking |
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competitiveness
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-high assertiveness, low cooperation
-use of aggression and power -pursuing one's own goals -events perceived as win/lose -extreme language (threats, criticisms) |
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compromise
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-moderate assertiveness& cooperation
-offer to give in on something -not most effective strategy -both parties win and lose |
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accommodation
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-high on cooperativeness, low assertiveness
-giving in -appeasing -smoothing over |
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collaboration
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-high cooperativeness & assertiveness
-not playing to win, work towards solving problem -work for win/win outcome -identify real problem |
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dominance
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need for control over others
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power
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given to you by others
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conflict avoidance tactics
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-postponement
-resorting to formal rules -control the process (argue how to argue) -gunny sacking (hold it in, explode) |
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conflict escalation tactics
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-labeling
-issue expansion -coalition formation -threat -breaking relational rules |
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conflict maintenance tactics
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-quid pro quo
-combining reduction/escalation tactics |
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conflict reduction tactics
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-break large argument into smaller parts
-ask for more info -metacommunication -respond to all levels of conflict (facts & feelings) |
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characteristics of interpersonal communication
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-two people
-quality/intimacy of communication -more intimate than others -quality of feedback is high -fully transactional -physical proximity is key -dialectics present |
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what determines quality of interpersonal relationships
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-info about other is primarily psychological
-dyads set rules for relationship -roles defined by personal characteristics |
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types of dominance
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complimentary: one dominant one not
symmetrical: both dominant or not parallel: combination, varies by topic, both dominant, but in diff aspects |
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chilling effect
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-person w/ greater power encourages other into silence
-powerless person doesn't bring up issues that are a problem |
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intimacy
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-knowing someone and being known
-trust, commitment, caring -not only romantic |
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sudden death
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-relationship ends suddenly
-result of 3rd party, major change: school/job |
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reasons for relationship dissolution
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-loneliness
-decrease in stimulus/interest -3rd party -relational changes -undefined expectations -financial -inequitable distribution of costs/rewards |
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3 criteria to evaluate lies in relationships
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-does it help both people
-is lie consistent with rules in relationship -does lied to person believe her/his interests are at heart in situation |
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lie detection in intimate relationships
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-mutually influential
-multiple exposure to lies -familiar with each other's behavior -better lie detectors -have incentive to NOT detect lies |
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communication that maintains a relationship
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-positivity
-openness -assurances -networks -tasks |
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source characteristics from reader
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-credibility
-attractiveness *likeability *physical appearance *similarity |
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message characteristics from reader
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-evidence
-vividness -fear appeals -humor -one sided vs. two sided -order |
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elaboration likelihood model from reader
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probability the target of a persuasive message will elaborate the info contained in the message
-high or low elaboration |
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peripheral process
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-pay attention to irrelevant cues: attractiveness, amount of info
-low elaboration |
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central process
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-influenced by strength and quality of arguments
-high elaboration |
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Duck's stages of dissolution
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-intrapsychic: reflect on relationship
-dyadic: inform person of feelings -social: start seeing others, tell friends -graves dressing: prepare story, final break up |
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content vs relational approach to communication
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-men use messages to exchange info
-women use messages to build relationships -men do to make friends -women talk to build friends |
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tentativeness
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uncertain, hesitation
-hedges, questions, etc |
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is tentativeness positive or negative
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both
-positive: facilitates convo, shows openness -negative: shows uncertainty, insecurity |
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how does gender interact with profanity
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-perceived men use it more than they do and women less than they do
-men use more than women -more appropriate for men -men don't use sexual slang around women |
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what are reasons people give for lying
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-produce benefits
-avoid harm -sake of fairness -sake of truth -protect/acquire resources -change relationship with others -avoid damaging self exposure -avoid conflict -protect others |
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whistle-blowing
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member of a group makes a charge about the violation of ethical standards or norms within that group itself
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elements of whistle-blowing
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-dissent: make public a disagreement with an authority figure/majority view
-breach of loyalty: comes from within group -accusation: singles out specific group or person responsible |
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general process for attitude change according to reader
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check guide
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killman-thomas model
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check guide
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