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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the control systems of the body
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Two control systems of the body ...
* Nervous * Endocrine |
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Endocrine System is ..
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a system of endocrine glands - ductless
(other glands exocrine - ducts) |
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How hormones can act:
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* change permeability of a cell membrane
* synthesize, activate or deactivate an enzyme * induce/inhibit secretory activity |
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Hormone effects can be:
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general - effects on all cells of body
ie: thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin & glucagon specific - effect only on one specific organ (target organ) ie: thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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tropic hormone
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when target organ is another endocrine gland hormone is called a tropic hormone
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What is another name for Hypophysis?
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Pituitary gland
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where is the HYPOPHYSIS located?
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in the sella turcica
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Name the lobes of the HYPOPHYSIS
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2 lobes:
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (anterior lobe) NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (posterior lobe) |
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ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
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* anterior lobe
* tropic hormones 1. Growth hormone 2. Prolactin 3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone 4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone 5. Luteinizing Hormone 6. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 7. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone |
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Growth Hormone
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* GH
* stimulates cell growth and replication * accelerates protein synthesis * giant, dwarf, acromegaly |
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Prolactin
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* PRL
* promotes breast development during pregnancy * milk production |
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
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* TSH
* stimulates production and secretion of thyroid hormones |
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone
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* FSH
* female stimulates growth of follicles/ovulation * male stimulates sperm production |
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Luteinizing Hormone
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* LH in female
(luteinizing hormone) * ICTH or ICSH in male (Interstitial Cell Tropic Hormone or Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone) * female stimulates development of corpus luteum, ovulation, estrogen/progesterone production * male stimulates development of interstitial cells and secretion of testosterone |
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
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* ACTH
* stimulates production and secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex |
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Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
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* MSH
* increased melanin synthesis |
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NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
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*** DOES NOT PRODUCE ANY HORMONES ***
* stores and releases 2 hormones: 1. Oxytocin 2. Antidiuretic Hormone |
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Oxytocin
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* OT
* produced in PARAVENTRICULAR CELLS of hypothalamus * (female) stimulates smooth muscle contractions in uterus * (female) stimulates milk "let down" * (male) smooth muscle contraction in prostate gland |
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Antidiuretic Hormone
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* ADH, vasaopressin
* produced by SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS of hypothalamus * increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules * constriction of arterioles (increases blood pressure) |
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Adrenal Gland
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* superior to kidney
* Two parts: 1. Cortex (outer) 2. Medulla (inner) |
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Adrenal Gland CORTEX
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* Outer
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis |
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Adrenal Gland CORTEX
- Zona glomerulosa |
* mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
* increase Na+ and water reabsorption * increases K+ secretion |
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Adrenal Gland CORTEX
- Zona fasciculata |
* glucocorticoids (cortisol)
* increases glucose synthesis * anti-inflammatory effects * hyperadrenalism/Cushing's disease * hypoadrenalism/Addison's disease |
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Adrenal Gland CORTEX
- Zona reticularis |
* androgens
* female libido * early development male * adrenogenital syndrome |
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Adrenal Gland MEDULLA
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* inner
* 2 hormones - Epinephrine (80% more potent) - Norepinephrine * sympathomimetric * alarm reaction * "fight or flight" |
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Thyroid Gland
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* below larynx
* 2 cell types: - Follicle Cells - Parafollicular Cells |
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Thyroid Gland
FOLLICLE CELLS |
* produce iodinated hormones
* thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) * increase metabolic rate, protein synthesis & catabolism * hyperthyroidism (toxic goiter, Graves disease) * hypothyroidism (endemic goiter, myxedema, cretinism) |
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Thyroid Gland
PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS |
* between follicles
* produce calcitonin * decreases blood Ca++ |
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Parathyroid Gland
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* 4 small glands on posterior surface of thyroid
* parathyroid hormone (parathormone) increases blood Ca++ * hyperparathyroidism/bones decalcify * hypoparathyroidism/decrease blood calcium, tetany, death |
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Pancreas
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* posterior to the stomach
* exocrine/endocrine * endocrine (Islets of Langerhans) * 3 cell types: - alpha - beta - delta |
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Pancreas
ALPHA CELLS |
glucagon
* increase blood glucose |
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Pancreas
BETA CELLS |
insulin
* decreases blood glucose * diabetes mellitus (Type I, II) |
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Pancreas
DELTA CELLS |
somatostatin
* inhibits secretion of glucagon & insulin * slows GI absorption/secretion |
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Pineal Gland
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* roof of third ventricle
* synthesis of melatonin * melatonin inhibits of gonadotropin secretion * MELATONIN secreted from serotonin * regulates diurnal (circadian) rhythms * seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
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Ovaries
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(hormones/ova)
1. Estrogens 2. Progesterone |
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Testes
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(hormones/spermatozoa)
1. Androgens |
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Male
Reproductive System FUNCTIONS |
* Spermatogenesis
* Performance of the male sex act * Regulation of male reproductive functions by hormones |
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Female
Reproductive System FUNCTIONS |
* Oogenesis
* Nurturing developing embryo * Lactation * Regulation of cyclic female functions by hormones * Development/maintenance female structures |
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Male Tract
External Genitalia SCROTUM |
* supports, protects, regulates position of testes behind penis/anterior to anus
* thin skin over dartos muscle (wrinkles, septum) * cremaster muscle (internal oblique) suspends |
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Male Tract
External Genitalia TESTES |
* paired/abdominal
* descend 28th week development * gubernaculum shortens * cryptorchidism * testes require temperature of 96 degrees F |
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Tunica Albuginea
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* fibrous connective tissue capsule
* inward extensions septa/compartments |
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Seminiferous tubules
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* highly convoluted tubules in compartments of testes
* production of male sex cells (spermatogenesis) |
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Sertoli cells
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(sustentacular, nurse)
* around base of seminiferous tubules * form tight junctions * create "blood-testis barrier" prevents immune system from becoming sensitized to antigens in developing sperm and producing antibodies |
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Leydig cells
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(interstitial cells/endocrinocytes)
* major source of androgens (testosterone) * seminiferous tubules also secrete androgens |
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Sperm
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* head, middle piece and tail
- head: acrosomal cap (enzymes) & nucleus (chromosomes) - middle piece: contains mitochondria (ATP) - tail (flagellum): for motion |
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How long does it take for SPERM to develop?
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2 months
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How long do SPERM remain fertile?
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remain fertile in male tract for about 4 weeks
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How long do SPERM live in female tract?
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live in female tract 24-72 hours
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What is the average amount of ejaculate?
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2 - 5 mL
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SPERM
General Info |
* produced by meiosis in seminiferous tubules
* maturation/epididymis * frozen at -100 degrees C live years * sperm count below 20 million/cubic mL ... infertile * average count = 20-100 million/cubic mL |
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Sperm
Ducts (passageway) |
* carry sperm from seminiferous tubules to point of ejaculation
(testes ... abdominal cavity ... out distal penis) |
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Sperm
Route: |
seminiferous tubules ->
tibuli recti -> rete testes -> efferent ducts -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra |
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Epididymis
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* seminiferous tubules merge into: tubuli recti, rete testes, & efferent ducts
* efferent ducts extend upward to form this crescent shaped convoluted mass on top of testes * 4 cm/23 ft |
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Epididymis
FUNCTIONS |
1. stores sperm (2 wks) until mature
2. part of passageway for sperm 3. contractions of smooth muscle in wall helps propel sperm |
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Vas deferens
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(ductus deferens, sperm duct, seminal duct)
* 45 cm * contained within spermatic cord as it leaves epididymis * enters inguinal canal (within spermatic cord) * runs along superolateral part of bladder to posterior * travels next to seminal vesicle, then joins duct from seminal vesicle to form EJACULATORY DUCT |
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Histological of
VAS DEFERENS |
* lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
* 3 layers of smooth muscle in wall |
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Spermatic cord
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* passes obliquely through the inferior abdominal wall through the inguinal canal
* contains... vas deferens, blood vessels (2 arteries/1 vein) lymph vessels and nerves |
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Ejaculatory duct
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* 2 cm
* receives secretions from seminal vesicle (via duct) and sperm (from vas deferens) * runs through prostate (whose secretions are also added) * joins urethra just inferior to bladder |
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Urethra
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* carries SEMEN from ejaculatory duct to exterior and URINE from bladder to exterior
* contained within penis, runs thru corpus spongiosum * prostatic, membranous and penile portions * urethral glands secrete mucus into |
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Accessory Glands
SEMINAL VESICLES |
* on posterior surface of bladder
* secretion is viscous, yellow, alkaline * 60% of semen * contributes water, fructose, prostaglandins and clotting proteins * energy/neutralize |
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Accessory Glands
PROSTATE GLAND |
* inferior to bladder
* encircles neck of bladder/proximal urethra and ejaculatory duct * compound tubuloalveolar glands * secretion is slightly acidic * 30% of semen * contribues water, acid phosphatase, cholesterol, salts, seminal plasmin, phospholipids and mucus * nutrients/activate sperm |
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Accessory Glands
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS |
(Cowpers)
* pea sized * compound tubuloalveolar glands * directly below prostate at base of penis * ducts open into penile urethra * produce a mucoid secretion prior to ejaculation * removes acidic urine residue & lubricates tip of penis |
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Accessory Glands
GLANDS OF LITTRE |
* all along urethra
* secrete mucus |
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Penis
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- 3 columns of highly vascular connective tissue called ERECTILE TISSUE
- 2 corpora cavernosa (dorsal) - 1 corpus spongiosum (ventral) * corpus spongiosum expands distally to form GLANS PENIS * prepuce (foreskin)... loose fold of skin over glans which is cut during circumcision |
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Male
Hormone Secretion (causes) |
* development of reproductive structures and maintenance of their function
* development of secondary sex characteristics * control of spermatogenesis * influences sexual behavior |
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Male
Hormone action involves: |
* Hypothalamus
* Anterior pituitary * Testes |
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Male
Hormone Secretion sequence |
Hypothalamus --GnRH-->
Anterior Pituitary --gonadotropins FSH/ICTH--> Testes --testosterone--> Back to Hypothalamus |
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Negative Feedback Mechanism
Specific Example |
Hypothalamus --TRH-->
Anterior Pituitary Gland --TSH--> Thyroid Gland --Thyroxine--> Back to Hypothalamus |
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Female
External Genitalia |
Mons pubis
Clitoris Labia Majora Labia minora vestibule |
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Mons pubis
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* fat pad over pubic symphysis
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Clitoris
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(homolog penis)
* erectile tissue |
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Labia Majora
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(homolog scrotum)
* outer lips * contain fat, smooth muscle, areolar connective tissue, hairs, sense receptors, sweat and sebaceous glands |
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Labia minora
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(homolog skin of penis)
* inner * surround VESTIBULE * darkly pigmented * sebaceous glands, blood vessels & sense receptors * merge anteriorly to form PREPUCE OF CLITORIS |
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vestibule includes:
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- urethral orifice
- vaginal orifice - hymen - glands |
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Bartholin's glands
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(greater vestibular)
* secrete into floor of vestibule during arousal * homolog bulbourethral glands |
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Skene's Glands
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(paraurethral)
* ducts open into urethra near external urethral orifice * homolog prostate gland |
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Lesser vestibular glands
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* produce secretion to moisten vestibule
* secrete onto exposed surface of vestibule |
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Female
gland secretions |
* secretions from glands lubricate during sexual excitement
* secretion is an alkaline mucus * although most female lubrication from glands of cervix |
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Female Reproduction
INTERNAL ORGANS |
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Mammary Glands |
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Ovaries
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* upper pelvic cavity on both sides of uterus
* homolog to the testes * mesovarium attaches to broad ligament * ovarian ligament |
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Ovaries
FUNCTIONS |
* produce hormones
* produce ova (sex cells) |
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Ovaries
STRUCTURE |
* 4 layers
* developing FOLLICLES ... (primary, secondary, Graafian-mature) * corups luteum, corpus albicans |
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Name the layers of the
OVARIES |
4 layers:
1. germinal epithelium/simple cuboidal epithelium 2. tunica albuginea/dense fibrous connective tissue 3. cortex/developing follicles 4. medulla/loose connective tissue blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves |
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How long are the Fallopian tubes?
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10 cm long
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Fallopian tubes
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(oviducts/uterine tubes)
* conduct sex cells from ovary to uterus * infundibulum/fimbriae * attached to broad ligament |
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Fallopian tubes
STRUCTURE |
3 layers:
* serous membrane (serosa) * smooth muscle * lining ciliated simple columnar epithelium |
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Uterus
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* hollow, muscular
* upsidedown pear/size of fist * 7 cm long (3-6x) * anteflexed (tilted forward) * posterior to bladder/anterior to rectum |
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Parts of UTERUS
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fundus
body isthmus cervix |
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Ligaments supporting UTERUS
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8 ligaments (4 pairs) support uterus
* 2 broad ligaments * 2 round ligaments * 2 uterosacral ligaments * 2 cardinal ligaments |
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Ligaments supporting UTERUS
BROAD LIGAMENTS |
* two
* folds in peritoneum that anchor uterus to floor & lateral walls of pelvic cavity * continuous with perimetrium |
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Ligaments supporting UTERUS
ROUND LIGAMENTS |
* two
* upper uterus to pelvic wall * thru inguinal canal to labia majora * tilt uterus forward * homolog to gubernaculum |
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Ligaments supporting UTERUS
UTEROSACRAL LIGAMENTS |
* two
* aka retrouterine folds * attach laterally to sacrum |
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Ligaments supporting UTERUS
CARDINAL LIGAMENTS |
* two
* aka lateral * within broad ligaments * extend laterally from cervix and vagina to pelvic wall |
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Wall of uterus
name the LAYERS |
Perimetrium
Myometrium Endometrium |
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Wall of uterus
PERIMETRIUM |
* serosa, folded peritoneum, continuous with broad ligament
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Wall of uterus
MYOMETRIUM |
* thick layer, smooth muscle fibers running in all directions
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Wall of uterus
ENDOMETRIUM |
* lining of ciliated columnar epithelium with many glands
STRATUM FUNCTIONALIS ... superficial, sloughed STRATUM BASALIS ... deep, thin |
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Vagina
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* 10 cm long
* between urinary bladder and rectum * thin walled bibromuscular tube that extends from cervix to exterior |
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Vagina
passageway for: |
menstrual flow
receptacle for sperm birth canal |
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Structure of vagina
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* Mucosa
* Muscular * Fibrous connective tissue (adventia) |
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Structure of vagina
* Mucosa |
stratified squamous epithelium
proliferates during cycle rugae/few glands/very vascular pH 3.5 - 4.0 enlarges to accomodate penis/fetus hymen |
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Structure of vagina
* Muscular |
smooth muscle interlaced with connective tissue
skeletal muscle near vaginal orifice |
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Structure of vagina
* Fibrous connective tissue (adventia) |
dense connective tissue/elastic fibers
covers vagina attaches to pelvic organs |
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Mammary Glands
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* modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands with adipose tissue located over the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles
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Female
Hormones needed for glands to develop/function: |
* develop during puberty (estrogen/progesterone)
* during pregnancy PROLACTIN initiates and maintains milk secretion * oxytocin for "let down" |
