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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Digestive System
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* all living cells need ENERGY to function
* humans derive energy by consuming organic molecules (food) * digestive tract prepares food for cellular utilization by: chemical and mechanical digestion |
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Specific Processes
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* Ingestion
* Mechanical processing * Digestion * Secretion * Absorption * Compaction * Excretion |
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Digestive system is ANATOMICALLY and FUNCTIONALLY divided into:
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* GI tract (alimentary canal)
* Accessory organs |
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Histological components of tract
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Mucosa
Submucosa Muscularis Serosa |
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Histology of Mucosa
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simple columnar epithelium (except mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal)
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Histology of Submucosa
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areolar connective tissue (vascular)
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Histology of Muscularis
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2 layers of smooth muscle
innter ... circular outer ... longitudinal |
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Histology of Serosa
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visceral peritoneum
areolar connective tissue over simple squamous epithelium |
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GI Tract components
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Mouth
Tongue Teeth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestines Large Intestine |
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Mouth
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* from lips to oropharynx
* roof bony HARD PALATE anteriorly and muscular SOFT PALATE posteriorly * muscular UVULA hangs down from posterior part of soft palate |
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Tongue
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* floor of mouth
* mucous membrane over skeletal muscle (chew, swallow, speech, taste buds) * extrinsic muscles ... move tongue * intrinsic muscles ... change shape and size * both innervated by cranial nerve 12 (hypoglossal) * lingual frenulum * taste buds along sides of papillae * taste receptors clustered within taste buds on papillae |
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How many taste buds does an adult have?
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10,000
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Name the taste bud sensations and their locations
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4 sensations/taste buds
1. sweet - anterior 2. salty - anterior/anterolateral 3. sour - lateral 4. bitter - base |
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Teeth
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* in alveoli (sockets) in maxillae and mandible
* peridontal ligament holds tooth in alveoli * gingivae (gums) are stratified squamous epithelium * tooth: crown, root, neck * 2 sets of teeth * 4 types of teeth (each functions differently) |
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What are the 2 sets of teeth?
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Deciduous (baby) 20
Permanent 32 |
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What are the 4 types of teeth and their functions?
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incisors
canines bicuspids molars |
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What is the lingual frenulum?
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the thing below the tongue (if it is too short you are 'tongue tied')
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What do Salivary Glands do?
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Secrete saliva continuously (lubricates/cleanses/dissolves food ... contains salivary amylase)
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how much saliva is secreted daily?
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1,000 to 1,500 ml
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what is saliva composed of?
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water and solutes
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Salivary Glands
physically |
* compound tubuloalveolar glands (merocrine)
* also, many small buccal glands in walls of oral cavity |
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name the pairs of LARGE SALIVARY GLANDS
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3 pairs:
parotid glands sublingual glands submandibular (submaxillary) glands |
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parotid glands
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* largest
* located over masseter muscle * Stensen's ducts open in mouth by upper 12 yr molar |
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sublingual glands
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* under mucosa in floor of mouth on side of tongue
* Rivinus's ducts open into floor of mouth |
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submandibular glands
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aka submaxillary
* under mandible * Wharton's ducts open into floor of mouth (inferior to sublingual glands ducts) |
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Pharynx
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* serves both respiratory and digestive systems
* lining stratifies squamous epithelium * pahryngeal constrictor muscles push bolus toward esophagus |
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Swallowing
Part 1 |
aka deglutition
* mouth closed/breathing interrupted * contractions of mylohyoid and digastric raise hyoid bone and tongue * intrinsic muscles raise end of tongue to teeth which squeezes bolus toward entrance of oropharynx *presence of bolus stimulates glossopharyngeal nerve * soft palate and uvula close off nasopharynx |
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what makes bolus?
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food in mouth + saliva
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Swallowing
Part 2 |
* base of tongue retracted pushing bolus down
* stylohyoid and digastric muscles contract raising hyoid and larynx so epiglottis covers glottis * arytenoid cartilages pivot so vocal cords come together (close) * upper esophageal sphincter relaxes allowing bolus to enter esophagus * wave of peristalsis initiated to move bolus down esophagus through lower esophageal sphincter into stomach |
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How long is the ESOPHAGUS?
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25 cm long
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What does the ESOPHAGUS do?
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transports bolus from pharynx to stomach
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What common injury involves the ESOPHAGUS?
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hiatal hernia
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Esophagus
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* passes thru mediastinum, then diaphragm
(via esophageal hiatus) * lining stratified squamous epithelium * muscle in wall skeletal and smooth * upper esophageal sphincter * lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter |
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Stomach
description and location |
* J-shaped, distensible pouch
* inferior to diaphragm |
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What does the STOMACH do?
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mechanical - chemical digestion
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Stomach
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* cardiac sphincter
* pyloric sphincter * cardiac, fundus, body, pylorus * lesser and greater curvature * lesser and greater omenta * lining (mucosa) simple columnar epithelium * rugae * gastric glands |
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Stomach functions
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* store food
* initiate digestion of proteins * limited absorption * move chyme into small intestines |
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Gastric Glands secrete ...
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gastric juice
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Name the Gastric Glands
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mucous neck cells
parietal cells zymogen (chief) cells enteroendocrine cells |
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mucous neck cells secrete
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mucus
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parietal cells secrete
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HCL and intrinsic factor
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zymogen (cheif) cells secrete
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pepsinogen
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enteroendocrine cells secrete
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gastrin
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length of SMALL INTESTINES
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6 m
longest portion of GI tract |
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How long does chyme remain in the SMALL INTESTINE?
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1-6 hrs
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Small Intestine
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* between pyloric sphincter/ileocecal valve
* lining simple columnar epithelium/goblet cells * peritoneum (serous)-visceral -parietal * greater omentum (4 layered serosa of stomach hangs over) * mesentery supports SI (except duodenum) * lacteals |
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Name the regions of the small intestine
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3 regions (microscopic)
duodenum jejunum ileum |
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Duodenum
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* 25 cm
* first part * curls around head of pancreas * retroperitoneal * attached to posterior body wall * receives hepatopancreatic duct (gall bladder/pancreas) |
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jejunum
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* 2 m (6 ft)
* primary absorpive area * mesentery proper holds loosely to posterior abdominal wall |
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ileum
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* 3 m (10 ft)
* joins cecum * ileocecal valve * mesentery |
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what increases the surface area of the SMALL INTESTINES?
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plicae circularis, villi, microvilli
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Small intestines:
intestinal glands |
(simple tubular)
between bases of villi secrete enzyme to digest carbohydrates, lipids and proteins |
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How long are the LARGE INTESTINES?
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1.5 m long
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LARGE INTESTINES
What is the histology of the lining |
lining simple columnar epithelium / goblet cells
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Large Intestine
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* ileocecal valve to anus
* diameter greatest * mesocolon * taeniae coli * haustra * epiploic appendages * 2 sphincters |
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name the sphincters of the LARGE INTESTINE and the muscle type associated
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internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle)
external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle) |
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Functions of the LARGE INTESTINE
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* absorb water and electrolytes
* compactiion of intestinal contents * store fecal material * absorb vitamins synthesized by bacteria |
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how long will the LARGE INTESTINES store/concentrate fecal material?
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12-36 hrs
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colonic bacteria (flora)
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* produce B/K vitamins
* digest cellulose * ferment carbohydrate * decompose pigments |
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feces
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* 150 g eliminated daily
* water, salts, epithelial cells * decomposed products, undigested food * bacteria |
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regions of large intestine
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* cecum (vermiform appendix)
* colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid) * rectum * anal canal * anus |
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Name the ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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Liver
Gall Bladder Bile Pancreas |
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Liver
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* largest gland (compound tubular)
* 1.5 kg * under diaphragm * 4 lobes (right, left, quadrate and caudate) * falciform ligament (between rt/lft lobes) * ligamentum teres (round) * sinusoids |
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Functions of LIVER
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1. metabolic regulation
2. hematological regulation 3. synthesis and secretion of bile |
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GALL BLADDER
What is it physically and what is it's histology? |
* a sac on inferior surface of liver
* lining simple columnar epithelium/rugae * smooth muscle in wall |
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hepatopancreatic sphincter
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relaxed ... bile secreted enters duodenum (open)
contracted ... bile backs up into gall bladder (closed) |
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Gall Bladder
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* hepatopancreatic duct opens into duodenum
* hepatopancreatic sphincter * functions to store/concentrate bile (30-60 ml) |
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Bile
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* secreted by liver
* water, bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, pigments, and ions * needed for fat digestion |
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Pancreas
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* 2nd largest gland
* retroperitoneal (transversely across posterior abdominal wall behind stomach) * exocrine and endocrine (Islets of Langerhans) * exocrine (digestive) * enzymes (lipases, carbohydrases, peptidases) * pancreatic juice (water, salts, sodium bicarbonate and enzymes) * pancreatic duct .. hepatocpancreatic duct .. duodenum |
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Urinary System
maintains homeostasis in body by: |
* excreting end products of meabolism (urea, uric acid and creatinine)
* regulating body fluid and electrolyte concentrations * producing an ENZYME and a HORMONE renin enzyme/regulates blood pressure erythropoietin hormone/RBC formation |
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Where is the KIDNEY located?
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*located on posterior wall of abdominal cavity
* retroperitoneal |
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Where is the ADRENAL GLAND located?
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adrenal gland positioned superiorly to KIDNEY
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What encloses the KIDNEY?
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renal capsule & adipose tissue enclose kidney
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What are the REGIONS of the KIDNEY?
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3 Regions:
Cortex/outer/(nephrons) Medulla/middle/(renal pyramids) pelvis/inner/(expanded end of ureter which calyces empty into) |
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Functional Unit of KIDNEY
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nephron
1,000,000/kidney |
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What are the parts of the NEPHRON?
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2 parts:
* renal corpuscle -glomerulus -Bowman's capsule * renal tubule -proximal convoluted tubule -loop of Henle -distal convoluted tubule |
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Kidney
collection |
* collecting tubules
* papillary ducts minor calyces major calyces pelvis ureter |
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Name the MECHANISMS which occur in the NEPHRON
(produce urine) |
Glomerular Filtration
Renal Reabsorption Renal Secretion |
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Glomerular Filtration
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* material moves (filters) out of glomerulus into Bowman's capsule
* due to blood pressure (hydrostatic) in glomerulus * water, ions, and organic molecules filter |
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Renal Reabsorption
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* materials move from renal tubule into peritubular capillary (blood)
* proximal convoluted tubule * almost all water, ions and organic molecules are reabsorbed * ADH |
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Renal Secretion
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* materials move from peritubular capillary into renal tubule
* distal convoluted tubule * ions, acids and certain drugs |
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Blood Flow
TO KIDNEY |
aorta
renal artery lobar artery interlobar artery arcuate artery interlobular artery afferent arteriole glomerulus |
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Blood Flow
FROM KIDNEY |
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillary venules interlobular vein arcuate vein interlobar vein lobar vein renal vein inferior vena cava |
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Name the URINARY STRUCTURES other than the Kidney
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Ureters
Urinary Bladder Urethra |
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How do URETERS join the bladder?
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* enter bladder obliquely on posterior/lateral surface
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What do URETERS do?
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* carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
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Where are URETERS located?
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* between parietal peritoneum and body wall (retroperitoneal)
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Name the LAYERS OF THE URETERS and their histology
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3 layers:
* mucous - transitional epithelium * muscular - smooth muscle (2 layers) * fibrous - connective tissue |
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What does the URINARY BLADDER do?
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Stores urine
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What is the capacity of the URINARY BLADDER?
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600 - 800 ml
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Where is the URINARY BLADDER located?
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floor of pelvic cavity
retroperitoneal Male: posterior to pubis/anterior to rectum Female: posterior to pubis/anterior to vagina and uterus |
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Urinary bladder
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* hollow/distensible
* trigone |
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What are the LAYERS OF THE BLADDER?
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4 layers of bladder:
* mucosa * submucosa * detrusor muscle (long/circ/long) * fibrous |
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Urethra
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* muscular tube
* lined with mucous membrane * exits from inferior surface of bladder |
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Internal urethral sphincter
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(smooth muscle)
* at bladder/urethra (forced open when bladder contracts) |
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external urethral sphincter
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(skeletal muscle)
* where urethra exits to outside |
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URETHRA: Male
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* 18 cm
* only mucosa and submucosa * opens at urethral orifice on distal penis |
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Name the portions of the MALE URETHRA
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3 portions:
* Prostatic (bladder...prostate) * Membranous (prostate...base of penis) * Penile (within penis) |
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URETHRA: Female
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* 4 cm
* mucosa, submucosa, muscularis * opens at urethral orifice between clitoris and vaginal orifice |
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How much blood plasma is filtered each day?
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180 liters
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How much filtered blood plasma is reabsorbed?
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all but 1-1.5 liters
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MICTURITION
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1. bladder fills with urine 2. walls stretch 3. stimulate stretch receptors 4. sensory impulses to spinal cord 5. relayed to cerebral cortex (micturation reflex center) 6. conscious desire to expel urine 7. parasympathetic impulses to bladder wall 8. detrusor muscle contracts 9. internal sphincter relaxes 10. external sphincter relaxed (voluntarily) 11. micturition
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Disorders of the
URINARY SYSTEM |
Dysuria
Hematouria Cystitis Calculi Nephritis Diabetes insipidus Renal failure |
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Dysuria
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painful urination
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Hematouria
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blood in urine
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Cystitis
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bladder inflamation
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Calculi
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stones in kidney
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Nephritis
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inflammation of kidney
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Diabetes insipidus
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not enough ADH produced by hypothalamus
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Renal failure
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cessation of glomerular filtration
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