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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Name the two control and communication systems of the body and what are the characteristics of each?
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nervous sys- rapid/complex network of cells
endocrine sys- slow/via blood |
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Helps regulate/maintains homeostatis
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the nervous system
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Name the Functions of the Nervous system:
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MONITORS CHANGE in/out of body (sensation)
PROCESSES AND INTERPRETS sensory input (integration) EFFECTS RESPONSES (response) |
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Oranization of NERVOUS SYSTEM in outline form
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2 Divisions:
1. Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and Spinal Cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) a. Somatic (SNS) b. Autonomic (ANS) * sympathetic * parasympathetic |
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Two cell types in neural tissue:
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neurons and neuroglia
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neurons
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Cell body (perikaryon/soma)
* contains nucleus (amniotic, large nucleolus, chromosomes) * cytoplasm, mitochondria, Golgi, Nissel granules (ER), microtubules, and microfilaments. * high metabolic rate * most cell bodies in CNS * 2 types of processes |
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name the two types of processes of neurons
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dendrites and axons
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Features of DENDRITES
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* short, highly branched, unmyelinated RECEPTIVE surfaces of neuron
* carry information TO the cell body |
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Features of AXONS
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* long, slender process arising from hillock of cell body
* most are myelinated * carry information AWAY from cell body * may have collateral branches * axon endings have synaptic knobs (aka butons) * many axons surrounded by a phospholipid MYELIN SHEATH - outside CNS mad from SCHWANN CELLS - inside CNS made from OLIGODENDROCYTES * myelinated axons transmit impulses faster * interruptions in myelin sheath called... nodes of Ranvier |
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Multiple Sclerosis
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* myelin sheaths lacking on axons
* doesn't form/ degenerates * interferes with transmission |
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name the Structural Types Of Neurons
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MultiPolar, Bipolar and Unipolar
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3
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Structural Types of Neurons:
Features of Multipolar |
* 1 axon/many dendrites
* most motor neurons are multipolar |
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Structural Types of Neurons:
Features of Bipolar |
* 1 axon/1 dendrite
* parts of eye and ear |
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Structural Types of Neurons:
Features of Unipolar |
* 1 process splits a short distance from cell body
* most sensory neurons are unipolar |
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name the Functional Types of Neurons
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Sensory (afferent) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons Association (interneurons) |
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Functional Types of Neurons:
Features of Sensory (afferent) neurons |
* tansmit impulses from sensory receptors in skin and internal organs to CNS
* most are unipolar * cell bodies in sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia) * dendrites may be very long |
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Functional Types of Neurons:
Features of Motor (efferent) neurons |
* transmit impulses away from the CNS
* most are multipolar * cell bodies in CNS (brain/gray matter of cord) * carry impulse to effector cells (muscle/skin) |
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Functional Types of Neurons:
Features of Association (interneurons) |
* transmit between sensory and motor
* most are multipolar * contained only in CNS * 99% of all neurons |
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Neuroglia (in CNS) contains:
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Ependymal cells (ependymocytes)
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia |
4
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Neuroglia (in PNS) contains:
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Schwann Cells (neurolemmocytes)
Satellite cells |
2
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Neuroglia (in CNS):
Features of Ependymal cells (ependymocytes) |
* cuboidal/ columnar epithelium
* line ventricles of brain and central canal of cord * along with capillaries and pia mater form choroid plexuses |
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Neuroglia (in CNS):
Features of Astrocytes |
* most numerous neuroglia
* star shaped * found between neurons and blood vessels * support, transport nutrients * blood-brain barrier |
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Neuroglia (in CNS):
Features of Oligodendrocytes |
* similar to astrocytes, but fewer processes
* forms myelin sheaths in brain and cord (CNS) |
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Neuroglia (in CNS):
Features of Microglia |
* small cells wit fewer processes
* support * phagocytosis of bacteria and debris |
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Neuroglia (in PNS):
Features of Schwann Cells (neurolemmocytes) |
* form myelin sheaths in PNS
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Neuroglia (in PNS):
Features of Satellite cells |
* support around neuron cell bodies in gangila in PNS
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Two notible facts re Neuroglia
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* neuroglia are capable of mitosis (unlike neurons)
* tumors of CNS usually of neuroglial origin (gliomas) |
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Nerves are composed of
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* processes of neurons (axons/dendrites)
* blood/lymph vessels * connective tissue |
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Name the Neural Connective Tissues
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Endoneurium
Perineurium Epineurium |
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Histology: Endoneurium
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areolar connective tissue sheath around fiber
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Histology: Perineurium
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dense irregular connective tissue around fasciculi
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Histology: Epineurium
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dense irregular connective tissue with collagen fibers around whole nerve
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Nerves and Tracts:
Features of Nerves |
* contain fasciculi wrapped in connective tissue in the PNS
* most nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers (mixed) |
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Nerves and Tracts:
Features of Tracts |
* contain fasciculi in the CNS (no connective tissue)
* tracts are either sensory (ascending) or motor (descending) |
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Ganglia and Nuclei:
Features of Ganglia |
clusters of cell bodies outside the CNS
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Ganglia and Nuclei:
Features of Nuclei |
clusters of cell bodies inside the CNS
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Nerve Impulse Transmission
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* mechanism by which neurons carry signals
* nearly all body cells have an electrical difference between the outside and the inside of their cell membranes * due to this electical potential difference nerve cells (and muscle cells) are excitable. |
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Neurons can be excited by...
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* stimulation of sensory receptors
* other neurons |
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How does a NERVE IMPULSE happen?
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when a neuron is stimulated the electrical difference across the cell membrane is altered
This alteration is propagated along the length of the neuron as a NERVE IMPULSE |
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what are Neurotransmitters
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* chemicals that transmit impulse across a synapse from a presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron
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define synapse
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the space between two neurons
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where are neurotransmitters stored?
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in synaptic vesicles in axon endings of presynaptic neuron
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Name some neurotransmitters in the body
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1. acetylcholine
2. epinephrine 3. norepinephrine 4. dopamine 5. endorphins/enkephalins 6. serotonin 7. gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
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define meninges
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3 layers of connective tissue protecting the brain and cord of the CNS
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name the meninges
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1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater 3. pia mater |
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CNS MENINGES:
Features of DURA MATER |
* tough mother
* dense irregular connective tissue * outermost layer * double layered (2 ply) * space between layers create blood DURAL SINUSES * dura terminates at level of 2nd sacral vertebra |
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CNS MENINGES:
Features of ARACHNOID MATER |
* delicate, avascular, connective tissue with collagen/elastic fibers
* between pia/dura maters * subarachnoid space (space under arachnoid) is filled with CSF * folds in arachnoid mater called villi function as 1 way passage to allow CSF to diffuse from subarachnoid space into blood in dural sinuses |
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CNS MENINGES:
Features of PIA MATER |
* soft mother
* thin, transparent, areolar connective tissue * innermost, delicate, vascular * follows contours of brain * with capillaries and ependymal cells forms choroid plexes (secrete CSF) |
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name the two layers to DURA MATER
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outer = periosteal dura
inner = meningeal dura |
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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* similar to plasma
* formed by an ultrafiltration process from choroid plexes in roofs of ventricles * circulates in brain (ventricles) and outside of brain (subarachnoid space) * reabsorbed into arachnoid villi and then returned to venous circulation |
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Notibles re Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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* CNS contains 150 ml CSF
* 500 ml CSF produced/reabsorbed each day * clear, colorless fluid similar to plasma (except more Na+, Cl-, no protein) * CSF functions to cushion and protect the brain * CSF carries nutrients and metaabolic wastes to/from nervous tissue * CNS "floats" in CSF |
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CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid is contained in...
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* Ventricles
lateral (1 and 2) third fourth * spinal cavity * subarachnoid space |
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between the lateral and third ventricle?
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Interventricular foramen
Foramen of Monro |
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between the third and fourth ventricle?
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cerebral aqueduct
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Connecting the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space?
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lateral aperture and median aperture
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Ventricle connected to the central canal of cord?
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Fourth ventricle
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epinim of lateral aperture
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Foramen of Luschka
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Epinim of median aperture
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foramen of magendie
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epinim of cerebral aqueduct
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Aquaduct of silvius
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Life as a CSF
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formed in CHOROID PLEXES
flows from ventricles 1 & 2 through interventricular foramina ventricle 3 cerebral aqueduct ventricle 4 down central canal of cord, up median and lateral apertures subarachnoid space arachnoid villi dural sinuses inter jugular vein (venous circulation) |
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BRAIN 3rd week of development...
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3 vesicle brain
1. FOREBRAIN - prosencephalon (cerebrum, thalamus & hypothalamus) 2. MIDBRAIN - mesencephalon (cerebral peduncles & corpora quadrigemina) 3. HINDBRAIN - rhombencephalon (pons, medulla oblongata & cerebellum) |
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BRAIN 5th week of development
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5 vesicle brain
FOREBRAIN - prosencephalon splits to form: 1. telencephalon...cerebrum 2. diencephalon...thalamus & hypothalamus 3. MIDBRAIN - mesencephalon (cerebral peduncles & corpora quadrigemina) HINDBRAIN - rhombencephalon splits to form: 4. metencephalon...pons/cerebellum 5. myelencephalon...medulla oblongata |
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Features of the CEREBRUM
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* 2 hemispheres
* convolutions (gyri/sulci) * longitudinal fissure between hemispheres * falx cerebri (dipping down of meningi to attach to the crysta galli * lateral ventricles * white matter/gray matter (couple mm on surface) * basal ganglia * cental sulcus (frontal/parietal) * lateral sulcus (frontal/temporal) |
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Name the 4 lobes of the CEREBRUM
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Frontal
Parietal Temporal Occipital |
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Cerebral cortex notibles
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* "conscious mind"
* aware of ourselves/sensation * initiate and control voluntary movement, communicate, remember and understand |
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Functional areas of Cerebral Cortex
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Primary Motor Cortex
Primary Sensory Cortex Visual Cortex Auditory and Olfactory Cortices Association areas and Integrative centers |
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Functional areas of CEREBRAL CORTEX:
Primary Motor Cortex |
* FRONTAL LOBE (precentral gyrus)
* origin of pyramidal tracts * conscious control of skeletal muscles |
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Functional areas of CEREBRAL CORTEX:
Primary Sensory Cortex |
* PARIETAL LOBE (postcentral gyrus)
* conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature and taste |
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Functional areas of CEREBRAL CORTEX:
Visual Cortex |
* OCCIPITAL LOBE
* conscious perception of visual stimuli |
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Functional areas of CEREBRAL CORTEX:
Auditory and Olfactory Cortices |
* TEMPORAL LOBE
* conscious perception of hearing and smell |
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Functional areas of CEREBRAL CORTEX:
Association areas and Integrative centers |
* ALL LOBES
* connected to sensory and motor regions * integration and processing of sensory data * coordinate and initiation of motor activities * includes Premotor area (ant. to precentral gyrus) responsible for learned motor activities * integrative centers are hemisphere specific |
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Features of Tracts
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* association tracts
* arcuate fibers * commissural tracts * projection tracts |
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Tracts:
Association tracts |
move information around in one hemisphere
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Tracts:
Arcuate fibers |
short assoc tracts that run from on gyrus to anogher
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Tracts:
Commissural Tracts |
connect the 2 hemispheres
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Tracts:
Projectio Tracts |
connect cerebrum to other parts of brain or CNS
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Basal Ganglia features
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* nuclei
* (little groups of cell bodies that are) deep in white matter of cerebrum * clusters of gray matter * cell bodies of extrapyramidal tracts * function for subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and coordination of learned movement patterns |
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name some of the BASAL GANGLIA
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1. caudate nucleus
2. lentiform nucleus 3. globus pallidus 4. putamen 5. amygdaloid body |
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Functions of BASAL GANGLIA
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* function as complex neural calculators that work with the cerebral cortex in controling movements
* regulate intensity of movements |
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LIMBIC SYSTEM features
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* a group of tracts and nuclei that form a ring (limbus) around the brainstem
* "our emotional brain" * establishes emotional/behavioral drives * link conscious/intellectual function with unconscious autonomic function * facilitate short term memory * a functional grouping of structures * amygdaloid body acts as integration center |
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Reticular Formation (RAS)
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* reticular activating system
* network of fibers in medulla, pons, and midbrain * interconnects nuclei * activates/arouses cerebral cortex * maintains wakefulness/alertness |
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THALAMUS
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* part of diencephalon
* between cerebral hemispheres * surrounds 3rd ventricle * largely gray matter (nuclei) * relay station for sensory and motor pathways * relays all sensory impulses except olfactory to cerebrum or brainstem |
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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* diencephalon
* below thalamus * lower sidewalls/floor of 3rd ventricle * several important functions * LINK between nervous-endocrine systems 1. produces releasing/inhibiting factors (anterior pituitary) 2. produces 2 hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone "ADH" (secreted from posterior pituitary) * controls of autonomic function (heartrate, blood pressure, respiration and digestive functions) * helps control body temperature * helps regulate hunger, thirst, sleep-wakefullness |
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Epithalamus
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* roof of diencephalon
* includes pineal gland (secretes melatonin) * melatonin * diurnal rhythms |
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Cerebral Peduncles
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* ventral midbrain
* bundles of pyramidal motor fibers descending from primary motor cortex * budles of sensory fibers ascending to thalamic nuclei * oculomotor nerve (III) emerges |
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Corpora Quadrigemina
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* dorsal midbrain
* 4 rounded elevations (sensory nuclei) * trochlear nerve (IV) emerges just below (the only cranial nerve emerging dorsally |
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name the Corpora Quadrigemina and their functions
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Superior Colliculi (2) - relay visual stimuli from thalamus
Inferior Colliculi (2) - relay auditory stimuli from medulla |
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PONS features and functions
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* rounded bridge on underside of brainstem
* nuclei / tracts * connects cerebellum with cerebrum and brainstem * tracts relay to/from other parts of CNS * nuclei for modifying respiratory rhythmicity * nuclei for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII |
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Medulla Oblongata features and functions
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* most inferior part of the brain
* continuation of cord above foramen magnum * pyramids on ventral surface are tracts from primary motor area/lateral corticospinal tracts decussate at medulla. (cross over to other side, so motor areas on 1 side of cortex control muscles on other side of body). * ALL ascending and ALL descending tracts pass thru medulla (some synapse) * nuclei of cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, XII * contains nuclei and centers for regulation of vital autonomic functions |
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Vital Autonomic Centers
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* Cardiac center
increase/decrease heart rate * Vasomotor center constrict/dialate blood vessels raise/lower blood pressure * Respiratory center functions with pons to regulate rate, depth, and rythm of breathing |
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Cerebellum
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* 2nd largest part of the brain
* behind cerebrum * surface convolutions... folia * 2 cerebellar hemispheres (vermis between) * hemispheres consist of anterior/posterior lobes * flocculonodular lobes lie anterior and inferior to hemispheres * 3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles (tracts connect cerebellum to brainstem, cerebrum and spinal cord) |
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Functions of cerebellum...
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Anterior/posterior lobes
* involved in planning, execution and coordination of limb and trunk movements Flocculonodular lobes * maintain balance and control eye movements |
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Cerebellum:
Name the peduncles and functions |
Inferior cerebellar peduncles
* link cerebellum to medulla and spinal cord Middle cerebellar peduncles * link cerebellum to pons Superior cerebellar peduncles * link cerebrellum to midbrain, thalamus and cerebrum |
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two notable physical features re Cerebellum
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* white matter of cerebellum is treelike pattern ... ARBOR VITAE
* TENTORIUM CEREBELLI... meningeal projection between cerebrum and cerebellum that contains TRANSVERSE SINUS |
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SPINAL CORD Features
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* 18 in in length
* CNS below medulla * passes thru vertebral canal of vertebrae * extends from forament magnum to level of 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebra |
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SPINAL CORD Functions
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* conduct impulses to/from brain
* process spinal reflexes |
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matter in Spinal Cord
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Gray matter (butterfly)
* cell bodies (neurons/glia) White matter (around butterfly) * tracts (myelinated/unmyelinated axons) |
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Spinal Cord:
White matter How many columns? AKA for columns? Name columns |
Three Columns.... funiculi
Anterior funiculus Lateral funiculus Posterior funiculus |
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Spinal Cord:
White matter Re Columns |
Funiculi contain tracts (fasciculi)
* Ascending tracts (sensory) - carry information to brain * Descending tracts (motor) - carry information from brain |
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Spinal Cord:
White matter Ascending Tracts |
fasciculus gracilis
* carry fine touch, pressure & proprioception from lower half of body fasciculus cuneatus * carry fine touch, pressure and proprioception from upper half of body lateral spinothalamic tracts * carry pain, temperature ventral (anterior) spinothalamic tracts * carry crude touch and pressure dorsal (posterior spinocerebellar tracts ventral (anterior) spinocerebellar tracts * carry unconscious proprioception from uscles to cerebellum |
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Spinal Cord:
White matter Descending Tracts function |
* carry motor information from brain to skeletal muscles
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Spinal Cord:
White matter Descending Tracts |
Pyramidal tracts
* originate from cells in precentral gyrus * carry motor stimuli for fine skeletal muscle movements corticobulbar tracts * motor control over skeletal muscles lateral corticospinal tracts * decussate in medulla * motor control over skeletal muscles ventral corticospinal tracts * motor control over skeletal muscles Extrapyramidal tracts * originate in cerebral cortex * medial pathway vestibulospinal tracts tectospinal tracts reticulospinal tracts * lateral pathway rubrospinal tracts |
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Medial pathway
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subconscious regulation of balance, tone, eye, head, neck, arm position in response to visual and auditory stimuli. Regulation of reflex activity
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lateral pathway
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subconscious regulation of arm muscle tone and movement
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