• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/90

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

90 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)

Tigris and Euphrates River Valley Civilization:
1. Civilization?
2. Developments?

Mesopotamia (Southwest Asia)
1. Writing (cuneiform)
2. Organized government
3. Written law code (Hammurabi's Code)
4. Systematized Religion (Zoroastrianism)
5. Astronomy, Astrology
Nile River, Mediterranean, Red Sea River Valley Civilization:
1. Civilization?
2. Developments?
Egypt (Northeastern Africa)
1. Complex religion of gods, rituals, and governance (pharaoh)
2. Writing (hieroglyphics)
3. Engineering and building (pyramids)
4. Mathematics
Indus and Ganges Rivers, Arabian Sea River Valley Civilization:
1. Civilization?
2. Developments?
India (Southern Asia)
1. Urban culture
2. Planned cities (ie. citywide sanitation systems)
3. Metallurgy (gold, copper, bronze, tin)
4. Measurement (weight, time, length, mass)
Yellow River Valley Civilization:
1. Civilization?
2. Developments?
China (East Asia)
1. Writing
2. Commerce
3. Government
Chronological History of Mesopotamian Civilization (6)
1. Sumerians (3500-3000 BC)
2. Babylonians (2300-1750 BC)
3. Hittites (2000 - 1200 BC)
4. Assyrians (911-550 BC)
5. Chaldeans (605 - 538 BC)
6. Persians (500s BC)
Sumerian Accomplishments (5)
1. Created Mesopotamian civilization
2. Large scale irrigation projects
3. Advanced mathematical system
4. The Wheel
5. The Ziggurat
Ziggurat
Center of community life for Ancient Sumerians

Served as a temple, storehouse, and treasury.
Babylonian Accomplishments (3)
1. The Code of Hammurabi
2. Centralized government
3. Advances in algebra and geometry
The Code of Hammurabi
Established by Babylonians

The first universal written codification of laws in recorded history.
Hittite Accomplishments (2)
1. Conquered much of Asia Minor and northern Mesopotamia
2. Invented iron smelting, which revolutionized warfare.
Assyrian Accomplishments (5)
1. Created an empire based on military superiority, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons.
2. Centralized government
3. Postal Service
4. Extensive Library
5. Highway System
Chaldean Accomplishments (4)
1. Established New Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar, conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine.
2. Astrology, Astronomy
3. Advanced government bureaucracy
4. Architecture (hanging gardens of babylon)
Persian Accomplishments (3)
1. Attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule, but failed to conquer the Greeks
2. Established an international government.
3. Rise of Zoroastrianism (ethical religion based on good and evil)
Phoenician Accomplishments (3)
1. Fantastic seafarers; the first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world
2. Invented the first true alphabet.
3. Dominated Mediterranean commerce; exported royal purple dye and glass
Lydian Accomplishment
First coinage of money
Israelite Accomplishments (2)
1. Established the first lasting monotheism.
2. Revolt against Rome resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem and the forced dispersal of the Jews from Palestine (Jewish diaspora begins AD 132-135)
Egyptian Accomplishments (7)
1. Long lasting civilization (defensible borders prevented political disruption/change)
2. Daily life dominated by concerns for afterlife, religion, and the pharaoh.
3. Medical advances and specialized surgery.
4. Hieroglyphics
5. Monumental architecture and mathematics
6. Economy based on agriculture, flood seasons.
7. Commerce flourishes with Arabia, India, Africa.
How did the Ancient Greek landscape determine the organization of the state? (3)
1. Rugged landscape of mountains, valleys, and scattered islands led to city-states (not a unified empire).
2. Scarcity of good agricultural land encouraged seafaring in eastern Greece.
3. Southern mainland relied on farming.
Minoan Civilization of Crete
(4000-1400 BC) Based prosperity on extensive commerce.
Mycenaean Civilization
(2000-1150 BC) Developed heavily fortified cities and based prosperity on trade and warfare.
Athenian Accomplishments (3)
1. Direct democracy established (Age of Pericles represented the zenith of democracy and society)
2. Worldwide commercial and cosmopolitan center.
3. Hindered by rivalry with Sparta.
Spartan Accomplishments (3)
1. Developed a totalitarian militaristic state
2. Depended on slave labor to sustain its agricultural system
3. Won the Peloponnesian War with Athens, but unable to unite city-states (Greek individualism causes collapse of city-state alliances)
Hellenic Age Accomplishments (3)
1. This fusion of Greek culture with the East established by Alexander the Great.
2. Conquered Persia, Asia Minor, and Egypt and established a world empire.
3. Bureaucracy replaced the city-state form of government.
Greek Contributions in Warfare
Mycenae, Sparta; the phalanx
Greek Contributions in Literature and Philosophy (3)
1. Epic poetry (Iliad, Odyssey)
2. Plays (drama, tragedy, comedy)
3. Founded most of the major philosophical schools.
Greek Contributions in Science, Architecture, and Building (4)
1. Columns and colonnades
2. Parthenon
3. Perfected advances in shipbuilding and commerce
4. Established the systematic basis for scientific method.
Greek Contributions in Arts (3)
1. Theater
2. Sculpture
3. Decorative pottery
Greek Contributions in Government (4)
1. Democracy (Athens)
2. Oligarchy (Sparta)
3. Bureaucracy (Alexander da Great)
4. System of law
Roman Empire History (3)
1. After with Punic Wars with Carthage, dominated the Mediterranean and expanded into a world republic (146 BC)
2. Empire lasted for five centuries, Pax Romana (no war) lasted for two centuries (27 BC - AD 180)
3. Fell to barbarian invasion (AD 476)
Roman Social Structure (3)
Divided into...
1. Patricians (propertied class)
2. Plebeians (main body of citizens)
3. Slaves
Roman Government (3)
Based on...
1. Consuls
2. Senate
3. Centurial Assembly
Causes for the fall of Rome (3)
1. Continuous barbaric invasion (Western fell, Eastern continued as Byzatnium)
2. Rise of Christianity divided the Empire into East and West
3. Internal Factors
-political instability
-decreased farm production
-inflation
-excessive taxation
-decline of military
Roman Contributions to Law (2)
1. Equality before the law.
2. Civil and contract law codes.
Roman Contributions to Architecture and Engineering (5)
1. Revolutionized building construction, engineering, and road construction (200k miles of roads!)
2. Concrete
3. The arch
4. Aqueducts and cisterns
5. Monumental buildings
Roman Contributions to Culture (3)
1. Continued Greek tradition in literature, art, sculpture, and humanities.
2. Literature (Aeneid, Virgil; Metamorphoses, Orvid)
3. Rhetoric
Reasons for the rise of Christianity in the Roman Period (5)
1. Individual conviction of one's beliefs (solidarity) grew during Roman persecution.
2. Efficiency and organization of early church administration.
3. Doctrines that stressed equality and immortality.
4. Political support (conversion of Constantine, became official Roman religion)
5. Establishment of the supremacy of the pope while imperial Rome was disintegrating.
Byzantine Accomplishments (6)
1. Preserved heritage of Greco-Roman civilization during dark ages in the west.
2. Center for world trade and exchange of culture, spread civilization to Eastern Europe.
3. Codification of Roman Law ("Justinian Code")
4. Art glorified Christianity.
5. Economic strength based on the stability of money economy.
6. Preserved Eastern Orthodox Church.
Reason for Byzantine Empire's 1000-year Success (4)
1. Economic prosperity based on domination of the commercial trade routes thru Constantinople and on monopoly of the silk trade.
2. Used diplomacy to avoid invasions; geographically distant from barbarians in the west.
3. Codified Justinian Law to strengthen bureaucracy.
4. Fortress city with defensible borders.
Reason for the Decline of the Byzantine Empire (5)
1. Proximity to growing power of Arabs, Slavs, and Turks.
2. Loss of commercial dominance over Italians.
3. Religious controversy with the west, split with Roman Catholic Church.
4. Sack of Constantinople with the fourth Crusade.
5. Fall of Constantinople in 1453
History of the Rise of Islam (4)
1. Mohammed spreads Islam with the Koran (morals and ethics) and a theocracy based on Islamic Law.
2. Muslim empire expanded by Arab caliphs: conquer Byzantine and Persian empires, North Africa, and Spain.
3. Muslim Empire divides (Baghdad vs. Iberian and North African Muslims)
4. Turks assume leadership of Muslim World with Ottoman Empire
Early Islamic Civilization: How did government and religion develop the framework for prosperity? (5)
1. Arabs preserved the cultures of the people conquered.
2. Religious pilgrimages lead to spread of new ideas.
3. Caliphs improved farming methods and crop yields.
4. Trade and commerce increases standard of living.
5. Military expansion results in cultural exchange between Arabic world and the west.
Early Islamic Civilization: How did trade help spread Islamic culture?
No taxation and strong banking practices help trade expand. With expanding trade, culture too is spread to foreign lands.
Muslim Contributions to Science (5)
1. surgical medicine (forceps, scalpel, needle)
2. astronomy
3. mathematics (decimal point)
4. technology (mechanical clocks, windmill, stained glass)
5. agriculture (cash crops, crop rotation, irrigation)
Muslim Contributions to Arts (3)
1. Calligraphy
2. Glazed pottery
3. poetry, philosophy, literature
Hierarchy of the Feudal System (5)
1. Church
2. Lords/nobles
3. Vassals/lesser lords (granted land from lords/nobles)
4. Knights (protect lords/nobles)
5. Peasants (owe labor and obedience to superiors)
Charlemagne and the Carolingians Accomplishments
1. dominated the political structure of the Dark Ages
2. revived the Holy Roman Empire, authority over secular rulers
3. Palace Academy (result of Carolingian Renaissance)
The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
1. Between England and France, English driven from France, France becomes a nation state.
2. Consisted of conflicts between feudal monarchs, who had increased authority due to conflict with the Church over the extent of religious rule.
The Norman Conquest of England
Ended Anglo-Saxon rule in England, led to the basis of modern English government;
1. English common law established
2. Magna Carta limits power of the king
3. English parliament established
English Parliament Structure
1. House of Lords (titled nobility)
2. House of Commons (gentry and middle classes)
The Reconquista:
1. What was it?
2. What did it result in? (2)
Reestablished Christian control over Muslim Spain in 1492.
Resulted in:
1. strong absolutist rule in Spain
2. Spanish inquisition
Characteristics of Medieval Civilization in the Middle Ages
1. Strict class divisions in society (clergy/nobility, peasants/artisans, serfs)
2. Creation of towns with commercial revival (middle class emerges, guild system grows)
3. Education stresses liberal arts (creation of universities in England and Paris, theology influences religion and politics)
4. Philosophy deals with both faith and reason.
5. Architecture dominated by Romanesque and Gothic
Magna Carta (1215)
1. What did it change?
2. What did it create for the modern world? (3)
Monarchy is subservient to the law, the law rules all.
1. Constitutionalism
2. Individual rights
3. Due process of law
Causes of the Renaissance (1350-1600) (3)
1. Increased trade (Crusades helped stimulate this)
2. Conflict between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire results in regional autonomy for Italian city-states.
3. Inherent ancient heritage of the Greek and Roman civilizations in the region.
Key Ideas of the Renaissance (5)
1. Revival of classical intellectualism
2. Humanism stresses importance of the individual (man, not God)
3. Secularism (rational philosophy flourishes, politics free of church control)
4. Realism (art emphasizes lives of everyday people)
5. Ideal of the "universal man" and nature of the human condition
Reasons for the Protestant Reformation
1. Renaissance secularism created tension with the church (Humanism, man before God)
2. Struggles within the church about its attachment to worldly interests of power and wealth.
3. Dissatisfaction with catholic ritualization of religion
4. Printing press allows for mass communication.
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
1. Salvation through faith, not sacraments
2. Rejection of hierarchical priesthood and papal authority
3. Decentralized religious authority in Germany
John Calvin
1. Doctrine of Predestination
2. Rejection of all forms of worship not mentioned in the Bible.
3. Created model of "reformed churches" that spread throughout Europe.
King Henry VIII
1. Political break with the Church
2. Act of Supremacy removes authority of pope in England, places the King of England at the head of a new, Anglican Church of England
Effects of the Reformation
1. Medieval political unity of Europe replaced by modern nationalism
2. Authority of the state strengthened
3. Middle class strengthened
4. Calvinism gives capitalism its psychological base
Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)
1. Created the Jesuits, missionaries and educators
2. redefines doctrines of Catholicism and reinforces papal authority
What were the causes of the Age of Enlightenment (1700 - 1789)? (3)
1. The disintegration of traditional feudal loyalties,
2. The rise of powerful monarchies,
3. The collapse of a single religious doctrine,
...resulted in brainstorming new ways to unify and govern "nations"
Key Ideas during the Age of Reason (4)
1. Christianity and church dogma questioned
2. Voltaire, Montesquieu, Locke, and Rousseau consider proper forms of government (leads to French and American revolutions)
3. Doctrine of "laissez faire" stands in opposition to regulated trade
4. Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" advocates for manufacturing as the true source of a nation's wealth
Enlightened Despotism
Advocates for limited responsibility of the absolute monarch to God and the church.
Impacts of Neoclassicism in 18th Century on Art and Culture (3)
1. Attempt to revive Greco-Roman classical style and form
2. the novel and Rococo style become popular
3. Classical and romantic music popular (Mozart, Beethoven, Haydn)
Nicolas Copernicus (astronomer)
1. Challenged the Church doctrine of an earth-centered universe
2. Proposed heliocentric (sun-centered) theory
Galileo Galilei (mathematician, physicist, astronomer)
1. Refines the telescope
2. Using telescope, provides evidence supporting Copernicus' heliocentric universe theory
3. Discovers the phases of Venus and four moons of Jupiter
Johannes Kepler (mathematician, astronomer)
1. Supports heliocentric theory through calculations of planetary orbits ("Three Laws of Planetary Motion")
2. Argued that man could understand God's plan through application of reason
Isaac Newton (mathematician, physicist, astronomer)
1. Laws of motion and gravity
2. Explains Earth's gravitational relationship to the orbit of the moon
3. Law of gravity provides final proof for Heliocentric Theory
Causes of the French Revolution
1. Inequitable class structure (basic cause)
2. Governmental problems due to a disorganized legal system, no representative assembly
3. Influence of enlightenment philosophy on middle class
4. Bankruptcy of the French treasury (immediate cause)
5. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen drafted
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
written by an assembly of people at the center of the French Revolution; defined the concepts of national law and sovereignty of the people
Reign of Terror
The revolt of the lower and middle classes against the French aristocracy to end the injustices of the French monarchy
Napoleon's domestic reforms post-revolution (2)
1. End of nepotism: no tax exemptions allowed for aristocratic lineage, government promotion now based on ability
2. Code of Napoleon modernizes French law, now all individuals are equal before the law
Napoleon's Military Gains
Won territory from the Holy Roman Empire and forces spain to cede the Louisiana Territory to France (pits France against Europe)
The Continental System (Napoleon)
A failed French attempt to close continental Europe to British trade in hopes of destroying the British economy
Battle of Waterloo (1815)
ended in defeat for Napoleon and the French Empire, Napoleon is permanently exiled
Causes of the Industrial Revolution (4)
1. New mechanical inventions with the scientific revolution
2. Economic base provided by the rise of the middle class and the availability of investment capital
3. Movement of goods made readily available by Britain's maritime and colonial power
4. Plentiful supply of cheap labor, iron, and coal energy
Results of the Industrial Revolution
1. Rise of the factory system heralds a dramatic increase in productivity (success of the textile industry)
2. Rise of urban centers (people move away from rural to urban)
3. Class divisions (propertied and non-propertied)
4. Modern capitalism (profits linked to manufacturing of products)
Laissez faire
theory of limited government intervention in business affairs; advanced by classical economists during Industrial Revolution
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Theorized that population growth would far outstrip food production during the Industrial Revolution
Karl Marx
Advocated a violent overthrow of the capitalist economic system in favor of socialism. Saw history as a class struggle between the exploiters (bourgeoisie) and the exploited (proletariat).
The Communist Manifesto (1848)
written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; advanced the theories of modern scientific socialism
Mesoamerican Civilizations: Order of their appearance (4)
1. Olmecs (1200 BC)
2. Maya (AD 250)
3. Toltecs (AD 900)
4. Aztecs (AD 1325)
The Olmec Indian Accomplishments (1200 - 400 BC) (3)
1. One of the first civilizations in Mesoamerica
2. Developed an agricultural community
3. Developed the first calendar in America
The Maya Indian Accomplishments (250-900 AD) (4)
1. Built complex civilization with cities as trade and religious centers
2. Engineering (pyramid building)
3. Mathematical and astronomical systems
4. Only known written language within pre-Columbian civilizations
The Aztec Indian Accomplishments (1325-1521 AD) (3)
1. Warrior culture, conquered much of central Mexico
2. Built an empire centered at Tenochtitlan, great city planning
3. Religion and war dominates life
The Inca Indian Accomplishments (1200 - 1533 AD) (3)
1. Unified an extensive empire in the Andes Mountains of modern Peru using extensive road system
2. Sophisticated record-keeping system
3. Highly skilled craftsmen, built Machu Picchu
Impact of Spanish Exploration and Conquest on Indigenous People of the Americas (5)
1. Disease devastates native populations (smallpox, tyhpus, measles), allows for easier conquest
2. Mass transfer of wealth to Spain
3. Loss of native culture
4. Conversion to Christianity
5. Political and economic dependence upon Spain
Qin Dynasty (222 BC)
Established an organized government, the first universal written Chinese language, the first true Great Wall, and the terra-cotta warriors
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
Established the capital in Beijing, completed the Great Wall, built the Imperial City, and promoted naval voyages to Asia, India, and Africa
Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
Begun by the Manchus from the Mongolian steppe; they defeated the Ming Dynasty in 1644 and ruled until 1911.