Substances

Front 1

How many separate classes of drugs are there, according to the DSM 5?

Back 1

10

Front 2

List the 10 classes of drugs

Back 2

alcohol; caffeine; cannabis; hallucinogens; inhalants; opioids; sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics; stimulants; tobacco; and other (unknown)

Front 3

Are the 10 classes of drugs fully distinct?

Back 3

No. All drugs that are taken in excess have in common direct activation of the brain reward system.

Front 4

How do drugs affect the brain reward system?

Back 4

drugs affect the reinforcement of behaviors and the production of memories. Drugs produce such an intense activation of the reward system that normal activities may be neglected. Drugs of abuse directly activate reward pathways.

Front 5

Feelings of induced pleasure by drugs is known otherwise as a?

Back 5

High

Front 6

Individuals with what type of self-control may reflect impairments of brain inhibitory mechanisms and may be particularly predisposed to develop substance use disorders?

Back 6

Individuals with LOW self-control

Front 7

TRUE OR FALSE:

There is no suggestion that there are visible roots for a future substance-related disorder before a substance is taken.

Back 7

FALSE. It is suggested that the roots of substance use disorders for some persons can be seen in behaviors long before the onset of actual substance use itself.

Front 8

Why is gambling disorder included in the substance-related/addictive disorders section?

Back 8

gambling behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by drugs of abuse and produce some behavioral symptoms that appear comparable to those produced by the substance use disorders.

Front 9

Why aren't sex/exercise/shopping/etc. addictions involved in this chapter?

Back 9

There is insufficient peer-review evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders.

Front 10

List the two subdivided groups for substance-related disorders

Back 10

Substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders

Front 11

Intoxication, withdrawal, and other substance/medication-induced mental disorders (psychotic, bipolar, depressive, anxiety, ocd, sleep, sexual dysfunctions, delirium, and neurocognitive disorders) are designated under which subdivision of substance-related disorders?

Back 11

substance-induced disorders

Front 12

what is the essential feature of a substance use disorder?

Back 12

A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems.

Front 13

The diagnosis of a substance use disorder can be applied to all 10 classes of substances except for what

Back 13

caffeine

Front 14

TRUE OR FALSE:

For certain classes some symptoms of substance use disorders are less salient and in a few instances not all symptoms will apply

Back 14

TRUE.

e.g., withdrawal symptoms are not specified for phencyclidine use disorder, other hallucinogen use disorder, or inhalant use disorder.

Front 15

An important characteristic of substance use disorders is an underlying change in what

Back 15

brain circuits that may persist beyond detoxification, particularly in individuals with severe disorders.

Front 16

Behavioral effects of brain changes may be exhibited by?

Back 16

repeated relapses and intense drug craving with the individuals are exposed to drug-related stimuli.

Front 17

Persistent drug effects benefit better by what type of treatment approach? (long term or short term)

Back 17

long-term

Front 18

Overall, the diagnosis of a substance use disorder is based on a pathological pattern of what?

Back 18

a pathological pattern of behaviors related to use of the substance

Front 19

[substance use disorders]

Criterion A criteria can be considered to fit within overall groupings of?

Back 19

impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria

Front 20

An intense desire or urge for a drug is known as

Back 20

craving

Front 21

how do you query about craving?

Back 21

craving is queried by asking if there has ever been a time when they had such strong urges to take the drug that they could not think of anything else

Front 22

Current craving is often used as a treatment outcome measure because it may be a sign of what?

Back 22

because it may be a signal of impending relapse

Front 23

What is the key issue in evaluating the criteria of "risky use"?

Back 23

The key issue in evaluating this criterion is not the existence of the problem but rather the individual's failure to abstain from using the substance despite the difficulty it is causing

Front 24

Tolerance is marked by:

Back 24

requiring a markedly increased dose of the substance to achieve the desired effect or a markedly reduced effect when the usual dose is consumed

Front 25

Withdrawal occurs when?

Back 25

when blood or tissue concentrations of a substance decline in an individual who had maintained prolonged heavy use of the substance.

Front 26

TRUE OR FALSE:

Neither tolerance nor withdrawal is necessary for a diagnosis of substance use disorder.

Back 26

TRUE

Front 27

Individuals whose ONLY symptoms are those that occur as a result of medical treatment should (receive a diagnosis/not receive a diagnosis) solely on the basis of these symptoms.

Back 27

Individuals whose ONLY symptoms are those that occur as a result of medical treatment should not receive a diagnosis solely on the basis of these symptoms.

(Though, prescription meds can be used inappropriately and a substance use disorder CAN be correctly diagnosed when there are other symptoms of compulsive, drug-seeking behavior)

Front 28

A mild substance use disorder is suggested by how many symptoms?

Back 28

two to three

Front 29

a moderate substance use disorder is suggested by how many symptoms?

Back 29

four to five

Front 30

a severe substance use disorder is suggested by how many symptoms?

Back 30

six or more

Front 31

What are the course specifiers and descriptive feature specifiers available for substance use disorders?

Back 31

in early remission

in sustained remission

on maintenance therapy

in a controlled environment

Front 32

the essential feature of substance-induced disorders is:

Back 32

the development of a reversible substance-specific syndrome due to the recent ingestion of a substance

Front 33

Tobacco does not apply to what category

Back 33

substance intoxication

Front 34

what are the most common changes in intoxication?

Back 34

disturbances of perception, wakefulness, attention, thinking, judgment, psychomotor behavior, and interpersonal behavior. (acute intoxications may have different signs and symptoms)

Front 35

In the case of multiple substances being used simultaneously or sequentially, how should each diagnosis be recorded?

Back 35

separately

Front 36

For virtually every substance, what is the age of highest prevalence for individuals?

Back 36

18-24

Front 37

potentially severe, usually temporary, but sometimes persisting central nervous system syndromes that develop in the context of the effects of the substances of abuse, medications or several toxins, are ?

Back 37

substance/medication-induced mental disorders

Front 38

Criteria of time for substance/medication induced mental disorders mandates the the disorder develops when?

Back 38

the disorder must develop during or within 1 month of a substance intoxication or withdrawal or taking a medication

Front 39

to be considered a substance/medication induced mental disorder, there must be evidence of what?

Back 39

that the disorder being observed is not likely to be better explained by an independent mental condition.

Front 40

When should a mental disorder be diagnosed as a delirium?

Back 40

when symptoms are only observed during a delirium (alcohol withdrawal delirium) and the psychiatric syndrome occurring during the delirium should not also be diagnosed separately, as many symptoms are commonly seen during agitated, confused states.

Front 41

Exceptions to the generalization that substance-induced mental disorders are likely to disappear after or within 1 month occur for what type of substance-induced disorder?

Back 41

long-duration substance-induced disorders

Front 42

TRUE OR FALSE:

There are no indications that the intake of substances will affect a preexisting mental disorder in any way

Back 42

FALSE.

There are many indications that the intake of substances of abuse or some medications with psychiatric side effects in the context of a preexisting mental disorder is likely to result in an intensification of the preexisting independent syndrome. That risk will likely increase with both the quantity and the frequency of consumption of the relevant substance.

Front 43

Symptoms of substance- and medication-induced mental disorders may be identical cross-sectionally to what?

Back 43

those of independent mental disorders but have different treatments and prognoses from the independent condition

Front 44

List the alcohol-related disorders

Back 44

alcohol use disorder

alcohol intoxication

alcohol withdrawal

other alcohol-induced disorders

unspecified alcohol-related disorder

Front 45

A problematic pattern of alcohol use in alcohol use disorder which leads to a clinically significant impairment or distress is manifested by at least two criteria for what amount of time?

Back 45

12 months

Front 46

Describe the specification "in early remission"

Back 46

after full criteria was previously met, none of the criteria has been met currently for at least 3 months but for less than 12 months (with the exception of craving)

Front 47

Describe the specification "in sustained remission"

Back 47

after full criteria was previously met, none of the criteria has now been met for a period of 12 months or longer (except craving)

Front 48

Describe the specification "in a controlled environment"

Back 48

the individual is in an environment where access to substance is restricted

Front 49

One of the most commonly associated conditions of alcohol use disorder is?

Back 49

low-grade hypertension

Front 50

12 month prevalence of alcohol use disorder is estimated to be around what percent among 12-17 year olds

Back 50

4.6%

Front 51

12 month prevalence of alcohol use disorder is estimated to be around what percent among men years 18 or older

Back 51

8.5%

Front 52

Alcohol use disorder is more common in which gender

Back 52

men

Front 53

12 month prevalence of alcohol use disorder is estimated to be around what percent among adult men

Back 53

12.4%

Front 54

12 month prevalence of alcohol use disorder is estimated to be around what percent among adult women

Back 54

4.9%

Front 55

12 month prevalence of alcohol use disorder decreases around what age

Back 55

adults in middle age

Front 56

The first episode of alcohol intoxication is likely to occur when?

Back 56

during the mid-teens

Front 57

Among adolescents, ____ and ____ often co-occur with alcohol- and with other substance-related disorders

Back 57

conduct disorder and repeated antisocial behavior

Front 58

Alcohol use disorder runs in families, with __% of the variance of risk explained by genetic influence.

Back 58

40%-60%

Front 59

List the symptoms of alcohol intoxication

Back 59

slurred speech

incoordination

unsteady gait

nystagmus

impairment in attention or memory

stupor or coma

Front 60

what is nystagmus?

Back 60

Nystagmus is an involuntary rhythmic shaking or wobbling of the eyes

Front 61

In the US, the average age of first intoxication is approximately ?

Back 61

15

Front 62

List some of the criteria for alcohol withdrawal

Back 62

autonomic hyeractivity

increased hand tremor

insomnia

nausea/vomiting

transient hallucinations/illusions

psychomotor agitation

anxiety

generalized tonic-clonic seizures

Front 63

alcohol withdrawal is relatively rare in individuals younger than what age

Back 63

30 years old

Front 64

following acute alcohol withdrawal, symptoms of anxiety, insomnia, and autonomic dysfunction may persist with lower levels of intensity for up to how many months?

Back 64

3-6 months

Front 65

approximately __% of middle-class, highly functional individuals with alcohol use disorder have ever experienced a full alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Back 65

50%

Front 66

Give a slang name for cannabis

Back 66

pot, weed, herb, grass, reefer, mary jane, dagga, dope, bhang, skunk, boom, gangster, kif, and ganja

;)

Front 67

amotivational syndrome is?

Back 67

reduction in prosocial goal-directed activity

Front 68

the hallmark of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder is?

Back 68

the reexperiencing of the perceptual disturbances that were experienced while the individual was intoxicated with the hallucinogen

Front 69

a highly heritable general propensity to not constrain behavior in socially acceptable ways is known as?

Back 69

behavioral disinhibition

Front 70

females are at higher risk than males for?

Back 70

prescription drug misuse or sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic substances