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261 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Opium is derived from what portion of the poppy plant?
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dried sap
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Which of the following substances affects the serotonergic neurotransmitters?
THC PCP LSD MDA |
LSD is considered a serotonergic hallucinogenic.
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Influences on drug use include ____, ____, ____/____ and ___/____.
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personality, advertisements, social groups/peers and television/movies
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An increase in the rate of metabolism of a drug resulting in the need to ingest higher quantities of the drug to maintain a certain level of the drug in the blood is called:
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DISPOSITIONAL TOLERANCE develops when regular use of a drug causes an increased rate of metabolism of the drug. Therefore, higher quantities of the drug must be ingested to maintain a specific level of drug in the body.
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The therapeutic index for a drug is defined as the ratio of what to what?
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LD50 to ED50.
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What opiate has chemical properties that enhance rapid penetration across the blood-brain barrier?
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Heroin is more lipid-soluble and therefore penetrates the blood-brain barrier easier than other opioids
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The half life of a single dose of cocaine is about:
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one hour
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Which of the following physiologic effects is commonly associated with cocaine?
a. excessive salivation b. ventricular fibrillation c. intolerance to cold d. pupillary constriction |
B. Cocaine can cause ventricular fibrillation.
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State-dependent learning is a phenomenon associated with which of the following classification of substances?
a. inhalants b. opioids c. CNS depressants d. stimulants |
D. State-dependent learning is a phenomenon associated with stimulants.
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Wernicke's disease is associated with a deficiency of
a. thiamine b. riboflavin c. magnesium d. calcium |
A. Wernicke's disease is associated with a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1).
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Inhalants can have effects that are similar overall to what drugs?
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CNS depressants
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Which of the following does NOT impact the effect of a substance on a user's health?
a. the method used to introduce the substance into the body b. where the substance is acquired c. the amount of substance used d. where the user is when the substance is used |
B. The effects of any substance are determined by the drug (dose, frequency of use, mixtures, how it is taken) the user (the particulars of their health) and the setting (what the person is doing at the time, the environment they're in, etc.)
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_____ is the oldest known, manufactured and used psychoactive drug.
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Alcohol
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How does the lipid solubility of a drug affect the action of the drug?
a. The lower the lipid solubility, the easier it is for the drug to enter the brain. b. The higher the lipid solubility, the more likely it is that the drug will be reabsorbed from the kidneys. c. Lipid soluble drugs have a higher rate of absorption if an individual is obese. d. Lipid soluble drugs have a lower rate of absorption if an individual is malnourished. |
B. Lipid solubility of a drug is the tendency of a chemical to dissolve in fat as opposed to water. The higher the lipid solubility, the more likely it is that the drug will be reabsorbed from the kidneys.
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Opioids accumulate in which body tissues?
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Opioids accumulate in the lungs, kidneys, spleen, digestive tract, and muscle.
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Halfway houses are usually designed as which of the following types of treatment?
a. inpatient b. milieu c. group d. day |
Halfway houses usually are designed as milieu treatment settings.
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Protective factors are defined as:
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behaviors, attitudes or situations that are associated with low rates of deviant behavior
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Groups with the highest percentage of individuals who have typically reported heavy alcohol use during a given month include ___ ___, ages __to __ years old.
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white males, ages 18 to 25 years old.
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Alcohol is also classified as
a. an anxiolytic b. an aphrodisiac c. a stimulant d. a food |
D. Alcohol is classified as both a depressant and as a food (i.e. it is a source of calories).
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Which of the following individual factors contributes to a higher blood alcohol concentration (BAC) if each individual consumes what is defined as a standard drink of an alcoholic beverage?
a. a higher percentage of body fat b. a higher amount of muscle c. a higher body weight d. a higher level of stomach enzymes |
A. A higher percentage of body fat is an individual factor that contributes to a higher blood alcohol concentration (BAC) if the individual consumes what is defined as a standard drink of an alcoholic beverage.
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Dispositional tolerance is reversed by ______ from alcohol.
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abstinence
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Which of the following statements is true regarding alcohol?
a. The presence of food in the digestive system increases the rate of alcohol absorption. b. Alcohol is primarily absorbed in the small intestines. c. Drinking plain water at the same time as drinking alcohol increases the rate of alcohol absorption. d. The intake of carbonated beverages with alcohol has limited effect on alcohol absorption. |
B. Most of alcohol absorption occurs in the small intestine.
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"Skin-popping" when compared to mainlining reduces the risk of which of the following infections?
a. tetanus b. hepatitis c. abscesses d. gonorrhea |
B. Skin-popping decreases the risk of hepatitis when compared to mainlining.
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One of the main functions of serotonin is
a. stabilization of body temperature b. inhibition of the pain center c. reduction of the seizure threshold d. modulation of sleep |
D. One of the main functions of serotonin is modulation of sleep.
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Which of the following hallucinogens has tranquilizing effects?
a. psilocybin b. mescaline c. PCP d. LSD |
C. PCP has tranquilizing effects.
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The incidence of depression associated with the chronic abuse of cocaine is hypothesized to be associated with:
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low levels of monoamines.
The long-term effects of stimulant use involve depletion of monoamines. These low levels have been linked to depression. |
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What medical condition associated with the chronic, heavy ingestion of alcoholic beverages and can be reversed with abstinence from alcohol?
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fatty liver
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Which of the following statements is true regarding designer drugs?
a. Designer drugs are less expensive than the original drug. b. Designer drugs are designated as class I drugs by the FDA. c. These substances are discovered "by accident" during product development in pharmaceutical laboratories. d. These substances can produce brain damage that may start to be evident during the normal process of aging. |
D. Designer substances may produce brain damage that is not observable until the loss of brain cells occurs during the normal aging process.
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Substance A and substance B are ingested simultaneously but in a smaller quantity than if either substance A or substance B were ingested separately. The resulting dose-effect curve shifts to the left. This represents:
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DRUG SYNERGISM; The dose-effect curve shifts to the left if two substances (A and B) are taken simultaneously, at a lower dose.
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Alcohol was used initially in medicine as a(n):
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anesthetic
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What 3 changes does drug use cause in its users, making anyone vulnerable to addiction?
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1.
2. |
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Which of the following classifications of drugs does not currently contain a substance that is commonly used by inhalation?
a. stimulants b. opioids c. CNS depressants d. sedatives |
c. CNS depressants
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Which of the following has been associated with chronic ingestion of large quantities of alcohol?
a. Lou Gehrig's disease b. diabetes mellitus c. cardiomyopathy d. Parkinson's disease |
C. Heart disease, such as cardiomyopathy, has been associated with chronic ingestion of large quantities of alcohol.
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Which of the following cancers has been associated with chronic ingestion of large volumes of alcohol?
a. kidney b. brain c. testicular d. oral |
D. Oral cancer has been associated with chronic ingestion of large volumes of alcohol
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Active metabolites ________ the effect of the drug.
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Active metabolites produce effects similar to those of the original drug and therefore PROLONG the effect of the drug.
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Which of the following is typically smoked?
a. GHB b. STP c. LSD d. DMT |
d. DMT
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Fermented beverages have a maximum alcohol content of approximately:
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15%
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Which of the following is eliminated the quickest from the body?
a. benzodiazepines b. marijuana c. barbiturates d. alcohol |
D. Alcohol is eliminated from the body within hours of ingestion and has the quickest rate of elimination when compared to other substances.
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The Biologic Model of the cause of substance use supports which of the following treatments?
a. legal punishment associated with substance use b. confrontation regarding substance use c. taxes on substances such as alcohol d. risk identification associated with substances |
D. The Biologic Model supports risk identification as a method of treatment.
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What is the therapeutic index (TI)?
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ratio of LD50 to ED50.
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social psychological theories that view a person's day-to-day social relations as a primary cause for drug use
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social influence theories
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the theory assuming that it is biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulus once begun
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"addiction to pleasure" theory
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an adaption to pain and avoidance of reality, in which the individual withdraws emotionally and further anesthetizes himself or herself by chemical means
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"double wall" of encapsulation
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the view of chemical dependency as a symptom of problems in the development or operation of the system of needs, motives, and attitudes within the individual
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characterological or personality predisposition model
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assertion by some drug researchers that heavy use of marijuana causes a lack of motivation in achieving goal directed behavior; a belief that heavy use of marijuana causes a lack of motivation and reduced productivity
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amotivational syndrome
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theory that emphasizes when people are left without bonds to other groups (peers, family, social groups), they generally have a tendency to deviate from upheld values and attitudes
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control theory
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ratio between reinforcers, both favorable and disfavorable, for sustaining drug use behavior
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differential reinforcement
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the belief that people abuse alcohol because of some biologically caused condition
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disease model
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the theory emphasizing that other people's perceptions directly influence one's self-image
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labeling theory
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major status position in the eyes of others that clearly identifies an individual - for example, doctor, professor, alcoholic, heroin addict
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master status
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moral model
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the belief that people abuse alcohol because they choose to do so
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structural analogs
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modifying the basic molecular skeleton of a compound to form a new molecular species; structural analogs are structurally related to the parent compound
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switching policy
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an FDA policy allowing the change of suitable prescription drugs to over-the-counter status
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phocomelia
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a birth defect; impaired development of the arms, legs, or both
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inoculation
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a method of abuse prevention that protects drug users by teaching them responsibility
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interdiction
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the policy of cutting off or destroying supplies of illicit drugs
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agents that antagonize the effects of acetylcholine
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anticholinergic
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a class of biochemical compounds including the transmitters norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine
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catecholamines
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a receptor type activated by ACh; usually inhibitory
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muscarinic
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nicotinic
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a receptor type activated by ACh; usually excitatory
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sympathomimetic
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agents that mimic the effects of norepinephrine or epinephrine
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synaptic cleft
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a minute gap between the neuron and target cell, across which neurotransmitters travel
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antagonistic interactions
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effects created when drugs cancel one another
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biotransformation
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process of changing the chemical properties of a drug, usually by metabolism
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cross-dependence
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dependence on a drug can be relieved by other similar drugs
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cross-tolerance
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development of tolerance to one drug causes tolerance to related drugs
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cumulative effect
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buildup of a drug in the body after multiple doses taken at short intervals
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dependence
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physiological and psychological changes or adaptations that occur in response to the frequent administration of a drug
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dose-response
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correlation between the amount of a drug given and its effects
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dysphoric
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characterized by unpleasant mental effects; the opposite of euphoric
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half-life
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time required for the body to eliminate and/or metabolize half of a drug dose
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margin of safety
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range in dose between the amount of drug necessary to cause a therapeutic effect and that needed to create a toxic effect
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mental set
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the collection of psychological and environmental factors that influence an individual's response to drugs
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metabolites
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chemical products of metabolism
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pharmacokinetics
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the study of factors that influence the distribution and concentration of drugs in the body
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placebo effects
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effects caused by suggestion and psychological factors independent of the pharmacological activity of a drug
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maximum drug effect, regardless of dose
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plateau effect
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amount of drug necessary to cause an effect
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potency
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form of withdrawal; paradoxical effects that occur when a drug has been eliminated from the body
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rebound effect
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enhanced response to a given drug dose; opposite of tolerance
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reverse tolerance
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ability of one drug to enhance the effect of another; also called potentiation
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synergism
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minimum drug dose necessary to cause an effect
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threshold dose
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drug that relieves anxiety
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anxiolytic
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potent CNS depressants, usually not preferred because of their narrow margin of safety
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barbiturates
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hypnotics
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CNS depressants used to induce drowsiness and encourage sleep
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principal enzyme that metabolizes ethanol
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alcohol dehydrogenase
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congestive heart failure due to the replacement of heart muscle with fat and fiber
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alcoholic cardiomyopathy
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the second stage of alcohol-induced liver disease in which chronic inflammation occurs; reversible if alcoholic consumption ceases
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alcoholic hepatitis
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compensation for motor impairments through behavioral pattern modification by chronic alcohol users
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behavioral tolerance
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scarring of the liver and formation of fibrous tissues; results from alcohol abuse; irreversible
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cirrhosis
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loss of conditioned reflexes due to depression of inhibitory centers of the brain
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disinhibition
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heating fermented mixtures of cereal grains or fruits in a still to evaporate and be trapped as purified alcohol
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distillation
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the pharmacological term for alcohol; consumable type of alcohol that is the psychoactive ingredient in alcoholic beverages; often called grain alcohol
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ethanol
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alcohol used as antifreeze
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ethylene glycol
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a situation in which liver cells increase the production of fat, resulting in an enlarged liver
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hepatotoxic effect
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fermented honey often made into an alcoholic beverage
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mead
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wood alcohol
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methyl alcohol
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psychotic condition connected with heavy alcohol use and associated vitamin deficiencies
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Wernicke-Korsakoff 's syndrome
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acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome
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symptoms that occur when an individual who is addicted to alcohol does not maintain his or her usual blood alcohol level
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current alcohol use (current drinkers)
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at least one drink in the past 30 days; can include binge and heavy use
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the most severe, even life-threatening form of alcohol withdrawal, involving hallucinations, delirium, and fever
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delirium tremens -- the DTs;
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behavior exhibited while under the direct influence of alcohol; determined by the norms and expectations of a particular culture
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drunken comportment
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a family therapy technique that records information about behavior and relationships on a type of family tree to elucidate persistent patterns of dysfunctional behavior
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genogram
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acting drunk even before alcohol has had a chance to cause its effects
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pseudointoxicated
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psychodrama
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a family therapy system developed by Jacques Moreno in which significant interpersonal and intrapersonal issues are enacted in a focused setting using dramatic techniques
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set and setting
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set refers to the individual's expectation of what a drug will do to his or her personality; setting is the physical and social environments where the drug is consumed
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antitussive
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drug that blocks coughing
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speedballing
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combining heroin and cocaine
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adulterated
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contaminating substances are mixed in to dilute the drugs
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anorexiants
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drugs that suppress appetite for food; drugs that suppress the activity of the brain's appetite center, causing reduced food intake
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behavioral stereotypy
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meaningless repetition of a single activity
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elevated body temperature
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hyperpyrexia
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ice
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a smokable form of methamphetamine
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precursor chemicals
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chemicals used to produce a drug
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intense use of a stimulant, consisting of multiple administrations over a period of days
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run
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rush
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initial pleasure after amphetamine use that includes racing heartbeat and elevated blood pressure
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repeated administration of methamphetamine to maintain the high
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tweaking
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the family of drugs that includes caffeine
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xanthines
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gateway drugs
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alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana - types of drugs that, when used excessively, may lead to using other and often more addictive drugs such as hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, or crack; drug whose use leads to the use of other drugs; alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana are considered gateway drugs
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mainstream smoke
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smoke drawn directly through the mouthpiece of a cigarette
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passive smoking
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nonsmoker's inhalation of tobacco smoke
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drugs with similar structures
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analogs
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catatonia
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a condition of physical rigidity, excitement, and stupor
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drugs that enhance the sensation and pleasure of touching
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entactogens
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poisoning by toxic substances from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea
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ergotism
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recurrences of earlier drug-induced sensory experiences in the absence of the drug
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flashbacks
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substances that alter sensory processing in the brain, causing perceptual disturbances, changes in thought processing, and depersonalization
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hallucinogens
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jimsonweed
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a potent hallucinogenic plant
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mydriasis
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pupil dilation
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psychedelics
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substances that expand or heighten perception and consciousness
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psychotogenic
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substances that initiate psychotic behavior
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psychotomimetic
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substances that cause psychosis-like symptoms
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synesthesia
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a subjective sensation or image of a sense other than the one being stimulated, such as an auditory sensation caused by a visual stimulus
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biological species name for the variety of hemp plant known as marijuana
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Cannabis sativa
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possible neurotransmitter acting at the marijuana (cannabinoid) receptor
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anandamide
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differential association
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a process by which individuals become socialized into the perceptions and values of a group
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meaning without seeds, this marijuana is made from the buds and flowering tops of female plants and is one of the most potent types
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sinsemilla
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subjective euphoric effects
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ongoing social and psychological experiences incurred while intoxicated with marijuana
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volatile
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readily evaporated at low temperatures
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drugs that stimulate a subtype of adrenaline and noradrenaline receptors
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β-adrenergic stimulants
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withdrawal from excessive use of a decongestant, resulting in congestion
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congestion rebound
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heart is unable to pump sufficient blood for the body's needs
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congestive heart failure
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keratolytics
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caustic agents that cause the keratin skin layer to peel
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use of other drugs while taking anabolic steroids to avoid possible side effects
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array
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ATLAS program
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Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids (ATLAS) is an anabolic abuse prevention educational program that empowers student athletes to make the right choices about steroid use
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use of different types of steroids singly, but in sequence
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cycling
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drug used at all-night raves, parties, dance clubs, and bars to enhance sensory experiences; drugs used by young adults at dance parties such as raves; a new class of illicit drugs used on college campuses, at bars, in night clubs, and at raves where drinking and dancing occur; club drugs include MDMA (Ecstasy), GHB, Rohypnol, ketamine, methamphetamine, and LSD
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club drug
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the use of performance-enhancing drugs to increase athletic ability
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doping
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drugs that enhance athletic performance
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ergogenic
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between members of different gangs
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intergang
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between members of the same gang
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intragang
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muscle dysmorphia
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behavioral syndrome that causes men to have a distorted image of themselves, perceiving themselves as looking small and weak, even when they may be large and muscular; women with this condition think they look fat and flabby, even though they may actually be lean and muscular
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developing tolerance to the effects of anabolic steroids
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plateauing --
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prevention of any drug use
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primary prevention
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a major breakthrough class of drugs used to treat HIV infected individuals
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protease inhibitors
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moving from a low daily dose at the beginning of the cycle to a higher dose, then reducing use toward the end of the cycle
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pyramiding
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preventing drug use from either casual or recreational to drug dependence
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secondary prevention
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the belief that biological forces (largely genes) have a direct influence on the root causes of social psychological behavior
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sociobiological changes
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an approach emphasizing the exploration of positive alternatives to drug abuse, based on replacing the pleasurable feelings gained from drug abuse with involvement in social and educational activities
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alternatives approach
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AOD
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alcohol and other drugs
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ATOD
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alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs
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model assumes that people use drugs because of lack of self-esteem
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attitude change model or affective education model
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DARE
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Drug Abuse Resistance Education -- drug education program presented in elementary and junior high schools nationwide by police officers
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ecological or person-in-environment model
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stresses that changes in the environment change people's attitudes about drugs
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a society-wide approach to drug use and/or abuse that focuses on reducing the harm experienced by the drug user and/or abuser as well as the harm to society
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harm reduction model
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assumes that teaching about the harmful effects of drugs will change attitudes about use and abuse
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information-only or awareness model
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the very broad range of activities aimed at reducing the risk of drug use among nonusers and assuring continued nonuse
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primary drug prevention programs
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protective factors
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factors associated with potential for drug abuse such as preventing the self control, parental monitoring, academic competence, anti-drug use policies, and strong neighborhood attachment
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risk factors
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drug prevention is aimed at reducing risk factors, such as early aggressive behavior, lack of parental supervision, the lure of gang membership, drug availability, and poverty
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drug prevention information based on emphasizing the extreme negative effects of drug use - scaring the audience of potential and current drug users/abusers into not using drugs
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scare tactic approach
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model that assumes that drug users lack resistance skills
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social influences model
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intervention at an advanced state of drug abuse; basically the same as drug abuse treatment
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tertiary drug prevention programs
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a national and international association of college and university peer education programs focused on alcohol abuse prevention and other related student health and safety issues
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the BACCHUS Network
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meetings to which only alcoholics having a serious desire to completely stop drinking are invited
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closed meetings
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a major model in the treatment of alcohol and drug abuse, involving a month-long stay in an inpatient rehabilitation facility, a multidisciplinary treatment team, systematic assessment, and a formal treatment plan with long- and short-term goals
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Minnesota model
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meetings to which anyone having an interest in attending and witnessing is invited
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open meetings
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drug-free residential settings that use a hierarchical model with treatment stages that reflect increased levels of responsibility
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therapeutic community
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lack of emotional response; especially an inability to experience joy or pleasure.
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anhedonia
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the belief that objects attain certain characteristics because of spirits
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animism
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a variable that occurs before some event such as the initiation of drug use.
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antecedent
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a crude extract containing cocaine in a smokable form
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coca paste
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cocaethylene
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a chemical formed when ethanol and cocaine are co-administered.
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congeners
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other alcohols and oils contained in alcoholic beverages.
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controlled drinking
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the idea that alcohol abusers may be able to drink under control.
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DAWN
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Drug Abuse Warning Network. System for collecting data on drug-related deaths or emergency room visits
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dextromethorphan
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an OTC antitussive (cough control) ingredient
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the generic name for prescription THC in oil in a gelatin capsule
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dronabinol
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tolerance caused by more rapid elimination of the drug
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drug disposition tolerance
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effective dose for half of the animals tested
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ED50
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enkephalins
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morphinelike neurotransmitters found in the brain and adrenals.
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large molecule that assists in either the synthesis or metabolism of another molecule
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enzyme
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producing work or energy; a general term for performance enhancement
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ergogenic
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the production of alcohol from sugars through the action of yeasts
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fermentation
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GHB
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gamma hydroxybutyrate; chemically related to GABA; used recreationally as a depressant
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GRAS
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"generally recognized as safe."
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IND
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application to investigate a new drug in human clinical trials.
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a particular chemical structure found in serotonin and LSD
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indole
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lethal dose for half of the animals tested
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LD50
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a hands-off approach to government
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laissez-faire
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leukoplakia
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a whitening and thickening of the mucous tissue in the mouth, considered to be a precancerous tissue change.
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lipid solubility
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tendency of a chemical to dissolve in fat, as opposed to in water
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mesolimbic dopamine pathway
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one of two major dopamine pathways; may be involved in psychotic reactions and in drug dependence
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to break down or inactivate a neurotransmitter (or a drug) through enzymatic action
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metabolize
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NDA
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new drug application. Must be approved before a drug is sold
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a general term for antipsychotic drugs
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neuroleptic
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the less desirable species of tobacco, which is not widely grown in the United States
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Nicotiana rustica
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the species of tobacco widely cultivated for smoking and chewing products
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Nicotiana tobacum
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one of two major dopamine pathways; damaged in Parkinson's disease
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nigrostriatal dopamine pathway
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a type of chemical that is carcinogenic; several are found in tobacco
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nitrosamines
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paraphernalia
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equipment used in conjunction with any activity
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the branch of the autonomic system that stimulates digestion, slows the heart, and has other effects associated with a relaxed physiological state
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parasympathetic
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medicines sold directly to the public
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patent medicines
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phantastica
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drugs that create a world of fantasy
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tolerance caused by altered nervous system sensitivity
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pharmacodynamic tolerance
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phenothiazines
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a group of drugs used to treat psychosis
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until 2000, an active ingredient in OTC weightcontrol products
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phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
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drug dependence defined by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome, implying that the body has become adapted to the drug's presence
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physical dependence
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prodrugs drugs
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that are inactive until acted on by enzymes in the body
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chemicals that are acted on by enzymes to form neurotransmitters
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precursors
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a measure of a beverage's alcohol content; twice the alcohol percentage
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proof
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Prohibition
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laws prohibiting all sales of alcoholic beverages in the United States from 1920 to 1933
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the active chemical in Psilocybe mushrooms
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psilocybin
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quid
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a piece of chewing tobacco
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smoke arising from the ash of the cigarette or cigar
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sidestream smoke
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a prevention model adopted from successful smoking programs
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social influence model
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a model for decision making consisting of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance
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stages of change
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a xanthine found in chocolate
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theobromine
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a xanthine found in tea
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theophylline
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timing of the onset, duration, and termination of a drug's effect
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time course
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toxic
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poisonous, dangerous. behavioral toxicity toxicity resulting from behavioral effects of a drug
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mechanism in the nerve terminal membrane responsible for removing neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse by taking them back into the neuron
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transporter
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energy-requiring mechanism by which selected molecules are taken into cells
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uptake
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teaching students to recognize and express their own feelings and beliefs
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values clarification
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prodrugs drugs
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that are inactive until acted on by enzymes in the body
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chemicals that are acted on by enzymes to form neurotransmitters
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precursors
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a measure of a beverage's alcohol content; twice the alcohol percentage
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proof
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Prohibition
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laws prohibiting all sales of alcoholic beverages in the United States from 1920 to 1933
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the active chemical in Psilocybe mushrooms
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psilocybin
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quid
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a piece of chewing tobacco
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smoke arising from the ash of the cigarette or cigar
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sidestream smoke
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a prevention model adopted from successful smoking programs
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social influence model
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a model for decision making consisting of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance
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stages of change
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the idea that people should drink beer or wine in moderation but drink no hard liquor
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temperance
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a xanthine found in tea
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theophylline
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time course
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timing of the onset, duration, and termination of a drug's effect
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a xanthine found in chocolate.
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theobromine
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values clarification
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teaching students to recognize and express their own feelings and beliefs
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Per capita statistics regarding consumption of alcoholic beverages includes individuals who are at least what age?
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14 years old
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Anticholinergic hallucinogens are naturally occurring in which of the following food families?
a. mushroom b. poppy c. potato d. nutmeg |
C. The potato family contains all the naturally occurring agents associated with anticholinergic hallucinogens.
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Commonly reported negative effects after using MDMA include:
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Muscle pain and paranoia are commonly reported negative effects of MDMA use
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Which of the following is the primary benefit of using levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) to treat addiction to heroin?
a. This substance acts as an antidepressant like naloxone. b. This substance stimulates opioid receptors like naloxone. c. This substance has a longer-lasting effect than methadone. d. This substance requires a lower dose than methadone. |
C. Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) has pharmacological actions that are similar to methadone but this substance has a primary benefit of a longer-lasting effect.
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In general, estimates of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) should be adjusted upward for individuals who are
a. young adults b. adolescents c. female d. male |
C. In general, estimates of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) should be adjusted upward for females since females, in general, tend to have a higher percentage of body fat than do men and also may have less alcohol dehydrogenase than males
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Which of the following is a common effect of heroin when injected by individuals who abuse heroin?
a. itching b. vomiting c. sweating d. laughing |
B. Nausea and vomiting are common effects after the injection of heroin by individuals who abuse heroin.
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Which of the following occurs less often with intranasal use of cocaine?
a. tolerance b. physiological dependence c. constriction of blood vessels d. hypertension |
B. Physiological dependence occurs less often with intranasal use of cocaine
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Which of the following is a common additive to MDMA tablets sold on the street?
a. codeine b. ibuprofen c. dextromethorphan d. aspirin |
C. Dextromethorphan and caffeine are included as common additives to MDMA tablets that are sold on the street.
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Which of the following occurs when alcohol is ingested at low levels on a regular basis and the typical pattern of food intake remains the same?
a. vitamin deficiency b. elevated blood sugar c. appetite suppression d. weight gain |
D. Alcohol is a source of calories so ingesting low levels of alcohol on a regular basis along with the typical pattern of food intake results in weight gain (i.e. the "beer belly").
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Cocaine addiction has been associated with an increased risk for
a. acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) b. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) c. renal failure d. hepatic cirrhosis |
B. Cocaine addiction has been associated with an increased risk of transmission of HIV because of potential sharing of contaminated needles and using fewer precautions when engaging in sexual activity
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the idea that people should drink beer or wine in moderation but drink no hard liquor
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temperance
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a xanthine found in tea
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theophylline
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time course
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timing of the onset, duration, and termination of a drug's effect
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a xanthine found in chocolate.
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theobromine
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