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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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King Shaka of the Zulu State
(1816 to 1819) |
1819: It becomes the Shaka Zulu State.
Puts into his innovation- the practice of "Age regiment." Structures society hierarchially. Age groups live together; move through process and rituals at the same time. Gave state more control over young people: communal sense & nationalism. This enabled Shaka to expand the state through conquest produced by a huge migration of people. |
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Asante state
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Ghana (W. Africa)
Capital: Kumasi Flourished 1701-1820's Asante-Hene was the Chief-King of the Asante who established a hereditary bureaucracy. The state was ruled by essentially a "Checks and Balances" system in which the chiefs sent representatives to the King's Court, who in turn set representatives to the chieftains. The chief would pick representatives from other regions who would meet in the capital once a year. |
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The 3 C's
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The Church Missionary Society was formed in 1799. The 3 C's refer to its missionary goals, which were Christianity, Civilization, and Commerce.
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Mau Mau
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The Mau Mau Conflict occurred in Kenya, a settler colony
Kikuyas (most affected group) pushed off their land by the British: became squatters. Young men lacked most land. Some went to city- poverty/unemployed. |
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1869 Discovery of Diamonds in South Africa
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Cecil Rhodes - British mining magnate
Wanted to build from Cairo to South Africa Lead to discovery of Gold on Boer land (Afrikaaners) Interests in Africa: German, Brit, Boer, African |
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African National Congress (ANC)
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Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu (Lawyers) form a defiance campaign between 1952 and 1953.
1955: Socialist Policies, Congress Alliance --> Freedom Charter 1958 - 1959: ANC splits. Some ANC leaders formed Pan-African Conference. PAC: racialist, black liberation can only come from blacks. 1961: ANC forms armed wing; is banned until the 1980's 1994 - ANC wins the election in South Africa |
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African resistance to colonialism
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Africans resisted colonialism through culture, economics, and politics; they demanded change after years of living under colonial rule. Africans set up their own independent churches, schools and political parties to separate themselves and find their own identities. Violence also became a common trend, as can be seen in the Maji Maji Rebellion and the Mau Mau conflict. They established their own African newspapers and two movements emerged out of this resistence- Negritude and the Pan African Conference.
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Apartheid
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South Africa becomes independent in 1910. Tension between cultural groups: farmers, Boers / Afrikaaners, British, Africans (of different groups), Asians.
British originally in control. 1869 - diamonds / minerals discovered 1913 - Native Lands Act: Africans had to live on reserves = 5 times the population on 7% of the land Reformed in 1936 to increase land Color Bar - Blacks can't work in skilled / better paid jobs Urban Areas Act - Blacks in slums could only enter the city if they worked for whites. Had to carry ID cards. 1948 - Apartheid instituted |
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Assimilation
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(Week 8)
Few schools in 1800's. European powers established colonial schools to assimilate Africans. 1900's - increase in government interest / education oversight |
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Berlin Conference
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Bismarck called together European diplomats
No Africans attended Rights to Suez Canal in Egypt Accept Leopold's claims to Congo Set down rules for colonization Trade presence Effective occupation European powers should work to end slave trade |
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Cash Crop Production
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Subsistence farming --> cash crop production
Grown by men originally. Benefited men. More money, more problems. Cocoa, peanuts, groundnuts. Planting for colonialists and thus ruining the land. Relationship between gender and colonialism in economy. Economic policy of colonial government. Famine. Also African choice. |
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Civilizing Mission
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Pre - Colonialism.
Bring culture / education / Western practices to Africa because Africans were savages, uncivilized. Thought they were helping Africans who had no knowledge. Europeans could claim they were humanitarians. Justification for colonialism -> Colonialism made them humatarianism. |
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Cocoa in Gold Coast (Ghana)
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Cocoa in Gold Coast (Ghana)
Britain created the Gold Coast colony Became the number one cocoa producer of its time Built a good infrastructure of rainways and railroads Able to eventually resist colonial rule and become an independent state because of its gold production United gold coast convention --> Convention People's Party |
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Convention People's Party
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Ghana
Nkrumah independence of Gold Coast Ruled Ghana The Convention People's Party (CPP) is a socialist political party in Ghana, based on the ideas of former President Kwame Nkrumah. The CPP was formed in 1949 by Kwame Nkrumah to campaign for the independence of the Gold Coast. It ruled Ghana from 1957 to 1966. Came out of the United Gold Coast Convention led by J. B. Danquah Nkrumah Formed Convention People's Party |
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Development
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Africa needs to grow out of...
Corrupt governments, mismanagement, etc. Environmental limitations, lack of resources, knowledge, education Colonial legacy Economic change/growth; increase in living standards Development/modernization brings progress, technology, infrastructure Africa needed capital, investment, infrastructure Capital intensive projects |
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Henry Morton Stanley
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Leopold's proxy and agent who went around acquiring land for Leopold. Signed a lot of treaties for Leopold.
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Indirect rule
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British colonies
Lugard: colonial office for the Sokoto caliphate Use political structure in place and use to your advantage Customary law- traditions/customs written down 1900 - 1914: shift from conquest to control state bureaucracy tax schools (decrease) violence (decrease) |
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Legitimate Trade
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Wealth of African societies were measured in terms of people. Until the 20th century, Africa has an abundance of land. Gave them the ability to control labor. 3 main transatlantic slave trades were used for material goods too.
Slave trade --> Legitimate rule Abolitionists trying to stop slavery from occurring actually helped increase slavery |
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List 3 reasons the “Scramble” for Africa took place in the 1880s-90s
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Colonial / Pre - Colonial
* Increasing Missionary interest / presence in Africa * Revival / Evangelical movements * Education / language * End the slave trade (Abolitionist) Late 18th Century Until after this European presence, the scramble was restricted to coast European presence at South Africa |
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Lovejoy’s “transformation” thesis
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(Week 2)
Manufacturing actually increased slave use. Price of slaves had declined. Increased the European involvement. Transatlantic slave trade. Slavery is a key factor. Impacted by European demand and abolition. Made African societies into slave societies. (pg 1 of article) Transatlantic slave trade caused increase in slave trade in Africa. Legit trade increased slave trade within the continent. Plant and natural resources and raw materials required manual labor and slaves. Abolition of slave trade increased slaved trade in Africa. |
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Military coups
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How leaders came to power. During the post-colonial period, there was a rush of military coups from the late 1960's to the present. The first modern coup was the 1960's coup in Ghana (See Michael Crowder reading)
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Negritude
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Born out of the formation of independent African newspapers, first significant African novel in 1936.
Cultural Resistance: 1930s- Formed in Paris by 2 students named Leon Damas and Aime Cesaire. Predominantly literary movement. Tried to revalue what it meant to be Black. |
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Sharpeville Massacre
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March 21, 1960, South Africa: Peaceful protest of ID cards, passes, and the apartheid system. Police shot and killed 69 people as they ran away.
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Sheik Uthman dan Fodio
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Islamic leader and teacher in Nigeria. Founded Sokoto Caliphate. He fed the jihad or holy war which founded the state in 1804.
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Structural Adjustment Programs
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Reduce government
Urban - rural --> equity Decreased corruption Modernize Economic liberalization Free market |
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Tanganyika African National Union(TANU)
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Tanganyika gains independence in 1961.
TANU (1954) - Julius Nyerere Brought many people from across the country Women also took leadership roles All spoke Swahili, which helped their unity |
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Taxation in colonial Africa
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Taxation caused the African economy to go from being a barter-based economy to being a cash economy. Additionally, it affected African labor in that it created forced labor, peasant production, and the development of wage labor. Due to the change in the taxation, work structure and economy, there were also changes in generation and gender.
The colonial economic goals were to have a balanced budget and export-oriented economy. The colonial economic strategies were to have a very limited investment, infrastructure, monetization, and taxation. |
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Tirailleurs Senegalais
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"Riflemen." African rifle regiment fighting for France. Army in World War I, II. Not given compensation. Most of them were from Mali. Many of them were generalized.
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Ujamaa
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Means "Solidarity" or "Socialism."
The title of Nyerere's pamphlet. Also, a term for African socialism . Egalitarian. |
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World War II and Africa
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The war in Africa began in 1935 with Mussolini's Italian invasions of Ethiopia. The emperor of Ethiopia fled to the League of Nations, who did nothing until Germany and Italy declared their alliance in 1940.
When France was defeated by Germany, the Germans installed the Vichy government, which was accepted by French West Africa, but Equatorial Africa rejected the Vichy. Soldiers had to pass medical exam to become a soldier, so men maimed and starved themselves in order to get out of conscription. African soldiers were conscripted and drafted by the European powers so that they could be sent elsewhere; West African troops were sent to Burma. |
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To what extent has what you’ve learned in this class challenged (or confirmed) ideas about Africa that are present in the American media? Explain your answer with specific examples fromlectures and readings
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Essay
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The second question will ask you about economic change or political change in Africa over the last two centuries. To prepare for this question, I suggest that, using your class and reading notes, you identify key turning points in Africa’s economies and in African politics before, during, and after colonialism.
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*** 1808 - British abolish the slave trade
Est. of legitimate trade --> Dependency on rubber, King Leopold, quota CASH ECONOMY (COLONIALISM) Colonial employees, salaries Went from: Economy based on barter --> based on cash Wage work, migrant labor, taxes Concessionary Company (cont'd, look into) |
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Essay #2 Guide
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Prep for both Econ and Poli
Find/Talk about Major Turning Points Broad Question Look at syllabus / main themes Focus on 1 major idea with details |
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Short Answer Guide
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What does this mean in African context?
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