Study Session 4

Front 1

What are the macromolecules in living cells?

Back 1

Small organic molecules are combined to form 4 kinds of macromolecules. Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids

Front 2

Proteins

Back 2

Provide structure catalysis, regulation in movement, transport, and recognition in cells. Consists of one or more polypeptide chains folded into a specific conformation. Function depends on its specific conformation formed by primary, secondary, tertiary and sometimes quanternary levels of structure

Front 3

Polysaccharides

Back 3

are used for energy storage and building materials. they are long chains or polymers of amino acids (monosaccharides) connected in a specific sequence

Front 4

Nucleic acids

Back 4

store and transmit hereditary information

Front 5

Lipids

Back 5

diverse hydrophobic molecules which function as hormones (steroids) as part of biological membranes (phospholipids) and in energy storage (fats)

Front 6

Cells make polysaccharides by

Back 6

using catalyst proteins called enzymes which perform a dehydration(condensation) reaction to link simple sugars together

Front 7

Monosaccharides

Back 7

simple sugars (glucose)

Front 8

A protein (one or more polypeptides) consists of acids linked together by

Back 8

peptide bonds

Front 9

A peptide bond is formed by a _______ reaction.

Back 9

dehydration (condensation)

Front 10

Primary structure of a protein

Back 10

refers to the sequence or oder of the 20 different amino acids in the polypeptide chain

Front 11

Secondary structure of a protein

Back 11

Polypeptide coiling in an alpha helix or folding in a beta pleated sheet. Hydrogen bonding results from high electronegativities of both oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the peptide linkage

Front 12

Tertiary structure of a protein

Back 12

The three dimensional shape on the polypeptide

Front 13

Quarenterary structure of a protein

Back 13

the overall protein structure. The hemoglobin protein is an example.

Front 14

Denaturing of proteins

Back 14

can result in even a slight change in the primary structure. Factors such as high temperature or low pH can destroy structures leading to a loss of function.

Front 15

Cells recycle proteins by

Back 15

hydrolyzing the peptide bonds to release AA to be used again to make new proteins

Front 16

When the OH group is below, the monosaccharide is

Back 16

alpha

Front 17

When the OH group is above, the monosaccharide is

Back 17

beta

Front 18

ABBA

Back 18

alpha below, beta above

Front 19

Cells build polysaccharides by liking monosaccharides together by a ______ bond

Back 19

glycosidic

Front 20

Dehydration reaction (condensation)

Back 20

removal of a molecule of h2o

Front 21

Nucleic acids

Back 21

Consists of a long chain or polymer of nucleotides. there are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

Front 22

Living organisms store hereditary information in ___

Back 22

DNA

Front 23

Several types of ___ molecules are used in concerting information in DNA for synthesis of protein

Back 23

RNA

Front 24

A nucleotide consist of a _____ containing base, a _____ sugar, and one or more ________ groups

Back 24

nitrogen, pentose, phosphate

Front 25

The nitrogenous bases in DNA are? The pentose sugar is ________

Back 25

A adenine, G guanine, C cytosine, and T thymine. the pentose sugar is deoxyribose

Front 26

The nitrogenous bases in RNA are? the pentose sugar is ______

Back 26

A adenine, G guanine, C cytosine, and U uracil. the pentose sugar is ribose

Front 27

Nucleotides are joined by a ________ reaction to form a phosphodiester linkage

Back 27

Dehydration (condensation)

Front 28

Phosphodiester linkage is

Back 28

when the phosphate group links the carbon 3' in one pentose sugar to the carbon 5' in the adjacent sugar

Front 29

In a polymer of nucleotudes, there is always a __________ on one end and a _________ on the other end

Back 29

free 3' hydroxyl; 5' phosphate group

Front 30

The two strands are held together by _______ bonds between ________ nitrogeneous bases, a and t; g and c

Back 30

hydrogen bonds; complementary

Front 31

Lipids are the class of macromolecules that does not include ______

Back 31

polymers

Front 32

Fats are made from ______ and ______ by a _______ reaction

Back 32

glycerol and fatty acids by a dehydration reaction

Front 33

Glycerol is

Back 33

an alcohol with 3 carbon atoms

Front 34

Saturated fats contain saturated fatty acids that only have ____ covalent bonds

Back 34

single

Front 35

Unsaturated fats contain unsaturated fatty acids that have one or more _____ bonds

Back 35

double covalent

Front 36

Saturated fats are _____ at room temperature while unsaturated fats are ______

Back 36

solid, liquid

Front 37

Saturated fats are _____ because their straight fatty acid chains can pack closely together

Back 37

solid

Front 38

Phospolipids are ________ with a _______ head and ________ tail

Back 38

amphipathic, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail