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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do horses have high mortality rate with anaesthesia? 2
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1. Temperament of the horse
2. Apparent sensitivity to the depressant effects of anesthetic drugs and adverse effects of recumbancy |
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What is the best premed to use and how would you use it?
What is a contraindication? What else can it be combine with? |
Premedication is important to help calm the horse and make induction more controlled.
Acepromazine is a common premedicant that calms most horses. Due to the risk of penile prolapse it is not recommended in stallions. To get the benefit of the sedation it should be given 30 minutes prior induction. For stallions or horses that are not effectively sedated with acp small doses of xylazine can be administered as a premedicant to help place catheters and make the horse more amenable to handling during induction. |
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What is alpha 2 used for?
What are 2 side effects? Give 2 examples |
> Common sedative premed
> profound sedation at high doses > Care with ataxia and airway obstruction > CARE THEY CAN STILL KICK!!! 1. decreased GIT movement = Ileus 2. Diuresis > hypotension >>>Xylazine and romifidine |
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Where on the horse must you place the IV line and what are the precautions?
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1.Jugular vein
Catheter placed retrograde or normograde 2. Precautions Can catheterise artery. Normograde catheter: air embolus. |
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What are the common induction protocol and the side effects associated with it?
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Alpha 2 agonist followed by
Diazepam and ketamine Very controlled induction Marked CV changes |
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What is the induction protocol with thiopentone? What are the 3 side effects?
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Thiopentone usually administered following guaifenesin
Good intubating conditions 1. Greater ataxia 2. Poorer recoveries if repeat doses. 3. Irritant if injected perivascularly |
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What are the 4 methods of induction after administeration of induction agents?
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1. Free fall
2. Induction gate 3. Wall induction 4. Tilt table |
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What are the 3 ways to intubate a horse?
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1. Oro- intubation the horse head is extended, a gag is placed between the upper and lower incisors.
2. Naso-tracheal intubation can also performed > nose bleed common 3. With endoscopy |
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What are the 2 protocol for field anaesthesia?
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There are several Iv techniques that can be used to maintain anaesthesia in the field. For short procedures incremental doses of alpha 2 ketamine can be used. Each increment is 1/3 of the dose of each used for induction. It is recommended that the maximum number of top-ups is 2.
Maintenance can also be performed using triple drip. This allows slightly longer period of anaesthesia. However administration should not exc eed 60 minutes to be sure good recovery quality. Greater than 60 minutes causes prolonged ataxic recoveries, which in the field can increase the chance of serious injury. |
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What is the qualities of halothane for maintenance of Horse anaesthesia? one pro and one con
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Of the agents available the greatest Cv depression is observed with halothane. > significant hypotension
Good recovery quality if procedure less than 2 hours. |
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What is the qualities of isoflurane for maintenance of Horse anaesthesia?
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Respiratory depression is greatest with isoflurane resulting in the need to ventilate most horses particularly in dorsal recumbency. Recovery quality is also worse with isoflurane compared with other agents but more rapid.
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What is the qualities of sevoflurane for maintenance of Horse anaesthesia?
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Sevoflurane is more expensive. similar to isoflurane but less respiratory depressant and better recovery quality.
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What are the 4 common complications observed during equine anaesthesia?
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Sudden arousal
Hypercapnia Hypoxaemia Hypotension |
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What are the cause, prevention and management of sudden arousal during anaesthesia?
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Cause
Difficulty assessing anaesthetic depth in horses Prevention Incremental ketamine Administration of analgesia Management DO NOT PANIC. Be prepared Ensure venous access Thiopentone : 0.5-1 g for an adult (500-600kg) horse. |
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What are the cause, prevention and management of hypoxia during anaesthesia?
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Cause
Atelectasis:- increased by dorsal recumbency, increased duration and GIT distension Prevention Fast: 12 hours Avoid N2O IPPV Minimise duration Management IPPV (decrease CO2) Increase BP Inhaled salbutamol O2 supplementation in recovery |
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What is the cause and management of hypercapnia?
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Cause
Inhalation agent: Isoflurane Dorsal recumbency Management IPPV:- PaCO2 >65 mmHg or unstable anaesthesia |
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What is the definition, cause and management of hypotension?
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Definition
Halothane mean BP < 70 mmHg; isoflurane mean BP < 60 mmHg Cause Anaesthetic agents Management Reduce anaesthesia Vasopressors Fluid therapy Modify ventilation to increase venous return Dorsal recumbency XS ventilation |
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What are 3 examples of peri-operative analgesia given to horses? What are teh side effects?
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Opioids
Morphine, methadone, fentanyl Still considered controversial Widely used in referral institutions worldwide. Side effects excitement in non painful horses Repeated or prolonged use → ileus. |
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Give an example of one alpha 2 agonist used in horses and the 3 side effects associated with it?
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Alpha 2 agonists
eg medetomidine CRI Side effects Peripheral VC Decreased GIT motility → ileus with repeated or prolonged use Diuresis →increase fluid loss |
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Give the advantages and disadvantage of lidocaine usage?
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Lidocaine
CRI Commonly used in colic surgery Advantage: decrease reperfusion injury Reduce ileus Caution Potentiate hypotension |
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What are the 7 causes of poor recovery?
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Prolonged GA
XS thio, gg or ketamine External stimulation: noise, light Temperament Pain: surgery, distended bladder Muscle/nerve damage (PAM) Hypoxaemia |
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What are the 7 ways to manange good recovery?
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Quiet
Well padded (grass or rubber) Dark (cover eye) Sedation Adequate analgesia Empty bladder Oxygen supplementation |
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What are the 4 causes of muscle/nerve damage?
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Hypotension
Hypoxaemia Poor positioning and padding of horse Prolonged recumbency |
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What are the 4 prevention of muscle/nerve damage?
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Correct low BP
Padded tables Careful positioning Anaesthesia < 120 minutes. |
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What are the 3 management of muscle/nerve damage?
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Fluid therapy
NSAID once urine output normal and pigmenturia resolved. Severe cases, may require assistance to stand. |
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What is the 2 causes and 3 management of respiratory obstruction?
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Cause
Nasal congestion Soft palate displacement Management Nasal intubation Naso-tracheal tubes Oro-tracheal tube in place during recovery. |
