Study Of Disease Exam 3

Front 1

the upper and middle respiratory system have traditionally been the domain of ___________

Back 1

otorhinolaryngologists or ear-nose-throat (ENT) specialists

Front 2

the lower respiratory tract is considered the domain of _________

Back 2

thoracic surgeons and respiratory disease specialists (aka pulmonologists)

Front 3

what does the upper respiratory tract comprise of?

Back 3

the nose, the paranasal sinuses, the pharynx, and the larynx

Front 4

what is the primary function of the upper respiratory tract?

Back 4

to provide entry for inhaled air, thus enabling respiration

Front 5

a structure included in the respiratory and digestive systems

Back 5

pharynx

Front 6

a highly specialized structure in the neck that also contains vocal cords enabling it to serve as a speech organ

Back 6

larynx

Front 7

a long tube located in the midline of the thorax; gives rise to the right and left main bronchi

Back 7

trachea

Front 8

how many lobes does the right lung have?

Back 8

3

Front 9

how many lobes does the left lung have?

Back 9

2

Front 10

pleura covering the outer surface of the lungs

Back 10

visceral pleura

Front 11

covers the inside of the thoracic cage

Back 11

parietal pleura

Front 12

the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses are lined by _________ epithelium

Back 12

cuboidal

Front 13

the pharynx and the larynx are lined by ________ epithelium that is identical to the epithelium of the mouth

Back 13

squamous

Front 14

the trachea and the bronchi are lined with ______ epithelium

Back 14

cuboidal

Front 15

alveoli are lined by ________

Back 15

pneumocytes

Front 16

account for 90% of the alveolar surface; very thin cells designed to allow the passage of air from the alveoli into the blood

Back 16

type I pneumocytes

Front 17

cuboidal cells; specialize in the production of pulmonary surfactant

Back 17

type II pneumocytes

Front 18

an epithelial later that lines both the visceral and parietal pleura

Back 18

mesothelium

Front 19

oxygen and nutrients are brought into the lungs through the _____________

Back 19

bronchial arteries

Front 20

the inability to produce voice

Back 20

aphonia

Front 21

forms tonsils in the nasopharynx and pharynx and lymphoid follicles in the wall of the bronchi

Back 21

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

Front 22

acute inflammation involving the nose, paranasal sinuses, throat, or larynx or all of these together; common cold; may extend into trachea or bronchi (pneumonia)

Back 22

upper respiratory tract infections (URIs)

Front 23

most URIs are caused by what?

Back 23

viruses

Front 24

cell infiltrates consist of lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells

Back 24

viral URIs

Front 25

elicit a reaction of polymorphonuclear neutrophils; many present with an exudate

Back 25

bacterial infections

Front 26

used to denote infections of the larynx, trachea, and the major extra pulmonary bronchi; most prevalent among children

Back 26

middle respiratory syndrome

Front 27

examples of middle respiratory syndromes

Back 27

croup, epiglottitis, and bronchiolitis

Front 28

an acute, possibly life-threatening infections that involves the larynx; most common in children younger than 3 years; spasm of the vocal cords

Back 28

croup

Front 29

a sudden loss of voice and hoarseness and throat pain on swallowing; narrowing of air passage; antibiotic treatment or humidified oxygen mask

Back 29

epiglottitis

Front 30

a term used for the acute childhood disease involving the bronchi and bronchioles but not extending into the alveolar spaces of the lungs; viral infection

Back 30

bronchiolitis

Front 31

an inflammation of the lung that occurs in two major forms

Back 31

pneumonia

Front 32

two forms of pneumonia

Back 32

alveolar pneumonia and interstitial pneumonia

Front 33

may be focal or diffuse; marked by intraalveolar inflammation; usually caused by bacteria

Back 33

alveolar pneumonia

Front 34

pneumonia that is limited to the segmental bronchi and surrounding lung parenchyma

Back 34

bronchopneumonia

Front 35

widespread or diffuse alveolar pneumonia; often end result of confluent bronchopneumonia

Back 35

lobar pneumonia

Front 36

usually diffuse and often bilateral; related to infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae or viruses

Back 36

interstitial pneumonia

Front 37

pneumonias may be classified etiologically as being caused by the following:

Back 37

upper respiratory flora, enteric saprophytes, and extraneous pathogens that are not normally associated with the human body

Front 38

the pathogens responsible for pneumonia can reach the lung parenchyma through several routes including…...

Back 38

inhalation of pathogens in air droplets, aspiration of infected secretions from the upper respiratory tract, aspiration of infected particles in gastric contents, food, or drinks, and hematogenous spread

Front 39

complication of pneumonia; extension of inflammation to the pleural surface commonly leads to pleural effusion; sometimes pus fills the entire pleural cavity; more often it is encapsulated by fibrous tissue into pockets; restrictive lung disease

Back 39

pleuritis

Front 40

complication of pneumonia; usually associated with highly virulent bacteria; cause destruction of the lung parenchyma and suppuration

Back 40

abscess

Front 41

important complication of pneumonia; unresponsive to treatment

Back 41

chronic lung disease

Front 42

a chronic bacterial infectious disease; incidence in the US has decreased steadily since the 1950s; encapsulated bacteria elicit formation of granulomas

Back 42

tuberculosis

Front 43

widespread in the midwestern US; acquired by inhaling dried fungi and their spores; resemble tuberculosis

Back 43

histoplasmosis

Front 44

a localized, destructive, suppurative lesion; may be solitary or multiple; lesions filled with pus

Back 44

lung abscess

Front 45

clinical term used for lung diseases characterized by chronic airway obstruction

Back 45

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Front 46

excessive production of tracheobronchial mucus causing cough and expectoration for at least 3 months during 2 consecutive years; smoking is the cause in more than 90% of cases

Back 46

chronic bronchitis

Front 47

a permanent dilation of the bronchi; the most common complication of chronic bronchitis

Back 47

bronchiectasis

Front 48

enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles with destruction of the alveolar walls; no bronchial obstruction; no coughing

Back 48

emphysema

Front 49

immune diseases affecting the respiratory tract

Back 49

allergic rhinitis (hay fever), bronchial asthma, sarcoidosis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Front 50

very common; acute vasomotor response mediated by histamine and related vasoactive substances released locally in the nose from mast cells coated with IgE

Back 50

allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

Front 51

a disease characterized by increased responsiveness of the bronchial tree to a variety of stimuli; wheezing during expiration, cough, and dyspnea

Back 51

asthma

Front 52

mediated by exposure to exogenous allergens and represents a type I hypersensitivity reaction; typically affects children

Back 52

extrinsic asthma

Front 53

precipitated by non immune mechanisms, most of which are nonspecific and would not produce symptoms were it not for the hyper-reactivity of the bronchial tissues

Back 53

intrinsic asthma

Front 54

caused by physical factors (heat or cold), exercise, psychological stress, chemical irritants and air pollution, bronchial infection, and aspirin

Back 54

intrinsic asthma

Front 55

what are the pathologic changes during asthma?

Back 55

bronchi show chronic inflammation and overabundance of mucus in the lumen; bronchial gland hyperplasia;elevated IgE and eosinophilia

Front 56

a multisystemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology, presumably mediated by cell-mediated immunity; common in blacks; presents granulomas in the lungs, lymph nodes of the thorax and neck, and the liver

Back 56

sarcoidosis

Front 57

an immune disorder caused by repeated inhalation of foreign antigens; aka extrinsic allergic alveolitis

Back 57

hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Front 58

mediated by antibodies that react with the inhaled antigen in the alveoli; dyspnea of sudden onset

Back 58

acute pneumonitis

Front 59

mediated by T lymphocytes and it characterized by a typical cell-mediated reaction; granulomas

Back 59

chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Front 60

lung diseases caused by inhalation of mineral dusts, fumes, and various organic or inorganic particulate matter; most are occupational and are a consequence of long term exposure in the workplace

Back 60

pneumoconioses

Front 61

severe lung disease; autopsy of patients show black lungs; fibrotic and structurally abnormal lungs

Back 61

coal-workers' lung disease (CWLD)

Front 62

a lung disease caused by inhalation of small silica crystals, which are inhaled in dust generated during stone cutting, mining, and sand blasting; lesions in lung parenchyma

Back 62

silicosis

Front 63

several fibrous silicates that form natural minerals; used in manufacturing and industry for many years; carcinogenic

Back 63

asbestos

Front 64

presents as restrictive lung disease and dyspnea; respiratory failure occurs only rarely

Back 64

asbestosis

Front 65

a clinical term used to describe changes that occur in the lungs under a variety of conditions; causes include shock, pneumonia, toxic lung injury, and aspiration of fluids; lungs are heavy and filled with edema fluid

Back 65

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Front 66

incomplete expansion or, more often, collapse of alveoli; causes include deficiency of surfactant, compression of the lungs from outside, or respiration of air distal to bronchial obstruction

Back 66

atelectasis

Front 67

what are the two most important neoplasms of the respiratory tract

Back 67

lung cancer and carcinoma of the larynx

Front 68

leading cause of cancer death in the U.S. and most other countries; most cases caused by cigarette smoking; very poor prognosis

Back 68

lung carcinoma

Front 69

entry of air into the pleural cavity; typically occurs after stab wounds of the chest wall or rupture of lung tissue

Back 69

pneumothorax

Front 70

accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity; fluid can be exudate (caused by inflammation) or transudate

Back 70

hydrothorax

Front 71

primary pleural tumor; rare malignant tumor of the pleura; related to exposure to asbestos in the workplace

Back 71

mesothelioma

Front 72

the study of blood

Back 72

hematology

Front 73

a specialized tissue that consists of fluid, known as plasma, and cells, including white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)

Back 73

blood

Front 74

protein-rich fluid component of the blood, which contains not only albumin and globulins but also all the clotting factors

Back 74

plasma

Front 75

removal of the coagulation proteins transforms plasma into what?

Back 75

serum

Front 76

how much blood does the average person have?

Back 76

5.5 - 6 L

Front 77

what does the buffy coat contain?

Back 77

leukocytes and platelets

Front 78

anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, and bleeding disorders

Back 78

hematologic diseases

Front 79

transport of oxygen from the lungs into the peripheral tissues

Back 79

erythrocytes

Front 80

a complex molecule that consists of four heme groups and four globins

Back 80

hemoglobin

Front 81

characterized by an abnormal B chain

Back 81

sickle cell anemia

Front 82

requires iron, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folic acid

Back 82

hemoglobin synthesis

Front 83

red blood cells live in the circulation for _____ days

Back 83

120

Front 84

short lived cells that survive no more than 4 days in the peripheral circulation

Back 84

neutrophils

Front 85

long-lived blood cells

Back 85

monocytes and lymphocytes

Front 86

the malignancy of circulating white blood cells

Back 86

leukemia

Front 87

a reduction of hemoglobin in red blood cells below normal levels

Back 87

anemia

Front 88

may be a consequence of bone marrow failure or a deficiency of essential nutrients

Back 88

decreased hematopoiesis

Front 89

bone marrow failure

Back 89

aplastic anemia

Front 90

lack of all blood cells

Back 90

pancytopenia

Front 91

old red blood cells are removed from the circulation during their passage through the _______

Back 91

spleen

Front 92

the most common infectious cause of hemolytic anemia

Back 92

malaria

Front 93

red blood cells appear to be normal; occurs after a massive blood loss; chronic infections and metabolic disease are also a cause

Back 93

normocytic, normochromic anemia

Front 94

red blood cells are small and pale; caused by iron deficiency; seen in thalassemia

Back 94

microcytic, hypochromic anemia

Front 95

a hereditary defect affecting the synthesis of hemoglobin; reduces the rate of glob in chain synthesis; defect is quantitative

Back 95

thalassemia

Front 96

red blood cells are normal in color but are large; typically caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid; can also occur in chronic liver disease

Back 96

macrocytic, normochronic anemia

Front 97

a rare but important disease in which anemia is usually accompanied by leukopenia and thrombocytopenia; bone marrow failure

Back 97

aplastic anemia

Front 98

a form of aplastic anemia that is without an identifiable cause; more of these

Back 98

idiopathic

Front 99

a form of aplastic anemia that is related to bone marrow suppression that is caused by cytotoxic drugs, radiation therapy, or viral infection

Back 99

secondary

Front 100

most common form of anemia; associated with a depletion of body iron stores caused by chronic blood loss; hemoglobin synthesis is impeded

Back 100

iron deficiency anemia

Front 101

caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid; delay the normal maturation of blood cells

Back 101

megaloblastic anemia

Front 102

vitamin b12 deficiency; develops as a result of a lack of the gastric intrinsic factor

Back 102

pernicious anemia

Front 103

occur as a result of incased red blood cell destruction (hemolysis)

Back 103

hemolytic anemias

Front 104

caused by a genetic defect in the synthesis of the beta chain of hemoglobin; autosomal recessive gene

Back 104

sickle cell anemia

Front 105

a heterogenous group of genetic defects involving one of several genes encoding the structural proteins that form the cytoskeleton of red blood cells; most common hereditary disease of red blood cells in whites

Back 105

hereditary spherocytosis

Front 106

mediated by antibodies that destroy red blood cells

Back 106

immune hemolytic anemia

Front 107

aka erythrocytosis; denotes an increased number of red blood cells

Back 107

polycythemia

Front 108

a clonal proliferation of hematopoietic stems cells resulting in an uncontrolled production of red blood cells and an increased total red blood cell mass

Back 108

primary polycythemia

Front 109

denotes an increased red blood cell volume as a result of eythroid bone marrow hyperplasia caused by erythropoietin

Back 109

secondary polycythemia

Front 110

a reduction in the white blood cell count to below normal levels; rare

Back 110

leukopenia

Front 111

an increased number of white blood cells in all peripheral blood

Back 111

leukocytosis

Front 112

lymph node enlargement

Back 112

lymphadenopathy

Front 113

increased number of malignant white blood cells in the peripheral blood

Back 113

leukemias

Front 114

bone marrow in infiltrated with malignant cells; peripheral blood contained increased number of immature blood cells; chromosomal or genetic changes; anemia, recurrent infections, and uncontrollable bleeding

Back 114

clinical features of leukemia

Front 115

characterized by massive infiltration of the bone marrow with immature lymphoid cells (blasts)

Back 115

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Front 116

a heterogenous group of neoplastic diseases characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloblasts in the bone marrow and their entry into the blood or other tissues

Back 116

atue myelogenous leukemia

Front 117

a malignant disease of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells capable of differentiating into neutrophilic leukocytes

Back 117

chronic myelogenous leukemia

Front 118

a malignant disease involving lymphoid cells; disease of older people

Back 118

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Front 119

a term that can be applied to an entire spectrum of malignant diseases involving lymphocytes and their precursors

Back 119

lymphoma

Front 120

all lymphomas are malignant true or false

Back 120

TRUE

Front 121

a technique in which labeled antibodies are used to analyze the tissues for the presence of specific tumor cells

Back 121

immunohistochemistry

Front 122

a technique for sorting cells according to their surface properties; biopsied lymph nodes is dispersed into a single-cell suspension and then stained with monoclonal antibodies to specific surface antigens known as clusters of differentiation

Back 122

flow cytometry

Front 123

based on the karyotyping of tumor cells

Back 123

cytogenic analysis

Front 124

lymph node enlargement, fatigue, fever, weight loss, sweating, tumor spread

Back 124

symptoms of non hodgkin's lymphoma

Front 125

the most common form of lymphoma is the US; 45% of all cases; mostly in older people; slow-growing tumor

Back 125

follicular lymphoma

Front 126

occur in several forms; most common aggressive form of NHL

Back 126

diffuse large B cell lymphomas

Front 127

highly malignant tumor composed of small B cells that divide rapidly

Back 127

burkitt's lymphoma

Front 128

a form of malignant disease that is pathologically distinct from other lymphomas; affects all age groups; 5 types

Back 128

hodgkin's lymphoma

Front 129

a malignant disease of plasma cells

Back 129

multiple myeloma

Front 130

the process that prevents uncontrolled bleeding

Back 130

hemostasis

Front 131

develops as a result of decreased production or increased destruction, removal, or utilization of platelets

Back 131

thrombocytopenia

Front 132

important causes of acquired clotting factor deficiencies

Back 132

anticoagulants

Front 133

another name for the normal gastrointestinal tract

Back 133

alimentary or digestive tract

Front 134

the upper tract

Back 134

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

Front 135

the lower tract

Back 135

the small and large intestine, appendix, rectum, and anus

Front 136

four layers of the gastrointestinal tract

Back 136

1.) mucosa

2.) submucosa

3.) muscularis

4.) serosa (or adventitia)

Front 137

a serosal surface that covers the outer surface of the stomach and the intestines

Back 137

peritoneum

Front 138

covers the organs

Back 138

visceral peritoneum

Front 139

covers the rest of the abdominal cavity

Back 139

parietal peritoneum

Front 140

what provides blood to most of the abdominal organs

Back 140

upper and lower mesenteric arteries

Front 141

the foregut gives rise to what?

Back 141

pharynx, esophagus, and stomach, as well as the respiratory tract

Front 142

the midgut gives rise to what?

Back 142

small intestines

Front 143

the hindgut gives rise to what?

Back 143

the colon

Front 144

what is the main function of the GI tract

Back 144

the digestion of food and alimentation

Front 145

what are the phases of digestion?

Back 145

1.) ingestion

2.) mastication

3.) deglutition (swallowing)

4.) digestion

5.) absorption

6.) excretion

Front 146

an abnormality in the innervation of the rectum and the sigmoid colon

Back 146

Hirschsprung's disease

Front 147

infection that causes severe watery diarrhea caused by ingestion

Back 147

cholera

Front 148

abnormal or strained swallowing

Back 148

dysphagia

Front 149

vomiting of blood

Back 149

hematemesis

Front 150

bleeding from the rectum

Back 150

hematochezia

Front 151

produced by the adenocarcinomas of the intestine; can be measured in the serum of adult patients; a valuable tumor marker

Back 151

carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

Front 152

a congenital abnormality that occurs with increased frequency in some families; inherited as a polygenic trait

Back 152

cleft lip

Front 153

inflammation of the oral mucosa

Back 153

stomatitis

Front 154

one of the most common diseases in humans; a multifactoral disease mediated by oral saprophytic bacteria; "dry rot"

Back 154

dental caries

Front 155

a common disorder accounting for more tooth loss than caries and all other dental diseases combines; tartar; swollen and tender gums; pus

Back 155

periodontal disease

Front 156

common and may involve the lips, tongue, soft palate, etc.; complication of smoking and chewing tobacco; chronic alcoholism

Back 156

oral cancer

Front 157

three major salivary glands

Back 157

parotid, the submandibular, and the sublingual

Front 158

inflammation of the salivary glands

Back 158

sialadenitis

Front 159

overproduction of saliva

Back 159

sialorrhea

Front 160

dry mouth

Back 160

xerostomia

Front 161

periductal fibrosis or ductal stone

Back 161

sialolithiasis

Front 162

xerophthalmia

Back 162

dry eyes

Front 163

most common histologic tumor type; benign and composed of epithelial and myo-epithelial cells and areas resembling cartilage

Back 163

pleomorphic adenoma

Front 164

lack of lumen; an abnormality that presents shortly after birth and is often associated with abnormal connections between the esophagus and trachea

Back 164

congenital atresia

Front 165

leads to displacement of the cardiac portion of the stomach from the abdominal cavity into the thoracic cavity

Back 165

hiatal hernia

Front 166

"lack of relaxation"; antithesis of LES insufficiency; spasm of the LES; dilation of the esophagus proximal to the site of the spasm; inability to swallow food

Back 166

achalasia

Front 167

inflammation of the esophagus; may be caused by infection, reflux of gastric juice, or exogenous irritants, chemicals, and drugs

Back 167

esophagitis

Front 168

a risk factor for cancer; mucosa of esophagus is more sensitive to injury than normal squamous epithelium and may give rise to peptic ulcers

Back 168

Barrett's esophagus

Front 169

most important neoplasm of the esophagus; malignant lesion; unfavorable prognosis

Back 169

carcinoma of the esophagus

Front 170

a chronic multifactoral disease characterized by muscosal ulceration that extends through the entire gastric epithelial later and into the muscularis

Back 170

peptic ulcer

Front 171

etiology of a peptic ulcer

Back 171

gastric juice, mucosal barrier, or h. pylori infection

Front 172

accounts for 90% of all malignant tumors in the stomach; incidence has decreased in the US

Back 172

carcinoma of the stomach

Front 173

disease characterized by the formation of diverticula (outpouchings of the intestinal wall)

Back 173

diverticulosis

Front 174

varicosites of the anal and peri anal region that affect approximately 5% of all adults

Back 174

hemorrhoids

Front 175

a localized vascular lesion of the colon that may cause unexplained bleeding in elderly persons

Back 175

angiodysplasia of the intestines

Front 176

includes several disorders that compromise blood flow through segments of the intestine

Back 176

ischemic bowel disease

Front 177

a term used for two closely related but distinct diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis); recurrent inflammation of the intestines and a chronic, unpredictable course

Back 177

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Front 178

a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that most often involved the terminal ileum and the colon

Back 178

crohn's disease

Front 179

most common symptoms of crohn's disease

Back 179

diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss

Front 180

an intestinal inflammation of unknown etiology that most often involves the large intestine

Back 180

ulcerative colitis

Front 181

an acute infectious disease marked by the formation of pseudomembranes on the surface of the intestinal mucosa; predominantly involves the colon ; caused by C. difficult

Back 181

pseudomembranous colitis

Front 182

a common cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and children; virus destroys mucosal cells of the small intestine; watery diarrhea

Back 182

rotavirus

Front 183

a common cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in children and adults; occasionally epidemics occur in nursing homes or cruise ships; extremely infectious

Back 183

norovirus

Front 184

caused by enterogenic bacteria of the normal intestinal flora that become pathogenic after an obstruction of the lumen of the appendix; swollen and inflamed appendix; rupture could be life threatening

Back 184

appendicitis

Front 185

symptoms of acute appendicitis

Back 185

sudden fever, leukocytosis, and abdominal pain

Front 186

an inflammation of the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity; can be localized or diffuse; classified as infectious or sterile

Back 186

peritonitis

Front 187

a protrusion of the abdominal contents through the abdominal wall; relate to a weakness or a defect in the abdominal wall

Back 187

hernia

Front 188

the most common hernia

Back 188

inguinal hernia

Front 189

an invagination of one segment of the intestine into another

Back 189

intussusception

Front 190

a rotation of the intestine around it's mesenteric attachment site

Back 190

volvulus

Front 191

aka gluten-sensitive enteropathy; intestinal disease characterized by hypersensitivity to gliadin in dietary grains; genetic predisposition

Back 191

celiac sprue

Front 192

caused by bacteria that typically affect visitors to the tropics; morphologic changes in the intestine; more pronounced distally; antibiotic treatment

Back 192

tropical sprue

Front 193

a malabsorption caused by tropheryma whippelii, a bacterium that invades the small intestinal mucosa; middle-aged men; familial clustering; antibiotics

Back 193

while's disease

Front 194

rare autosomal dominant diseases; colon shows multiple adenomas with evolve into adenocarcinomas; hereditary

Back 194

familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP)

Front 195

used for neuroendocrine tumors of low malignancy, meaning that they are malignant but not as malignant as true carcinomas

Back 195

carcinoid

Front 196

the largest parenchymal organ in the body

Back 196

the liver

Front 197

located in the right upper abdominal quadrant

Back 197

liver

Front 198

main excretory product of the liver; complex mixture of bilirubin, bile salts, lipids, and many other major and minor components; stored in gallbladder

Back 198

bile

Front 199

abnormal formation, processing, or excretion of bilirubin

Back 199

jaundice syndromes

Front 200

inflammation of the liver; can be caused by viruses, as well as drugs, alcohol, and immune mechanisms

Back 200

hepatitis

Front 201

liver cells may be injured by exogenous chemicals or endogenous metabolites

Back 201

toxic/metabolic hepatic injury

Front 202

this condition may result from a variety of liver disease; the term is used as a synonym for end-stage liver disease

Back 202

cirrhosis

Front 203

most prevalent liver disease in the world; clinical syndrome of variable severity caused by one of several hepatotropic viruses; A, B, C, D, and E

Back 203

acute viral hepatitis

Front 204

transmitted by fecal-oral route and may occur is sporadic or epidemic form; sources are sewage, contaminated food, drinks, and shellfish; most prevalent among children in underdeveloped countries; mild fever with vomiting, loss of appetite, and jaundice

Back 204

hepatitis A

Front 205

an encapsulated DNA virus that is specific specific for humans and higher primates; symptoms appear 40-180 days after infection; follows after transfusion of blood, exposure to contaminated blood, or sexual contact

Back 205

hepatitis B

Front 206

an incomplete RNA virus that requires HBV for its own repletion; infection with these two viruses can occur simultaneously

Back 206

hepatitis D

Front 207

a flavivirus; an RNA virus of variable size that encodes a single polypeptide; antibodies are used to diagnose infection; most often acquired by blood contaminating the needles during intravenous drug abuse; multiple sex parters, surgery, accidental needle stick

Back 207

hepatitis C

Front 208

an RNA virus transmitted by fecal-oral route; endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, and South America and Mexico; cause waterborne endemics; usually asymptomatic or mild; heals without serious consequences

Back 208

hepatitis E

Front 209

fatty liver in obese persons, persons with diabetes, and occasionally even without any obvious causes

Back 209

steatohepatitis

Front 210

an autosomal dominant disorder of bilirubin metabolism that affects about 5% of the total population; disease causes intermittent jaundice that usually begins after puberty and most common in male subjects

Back 210

gilbert's disease

Front 211

an autosomal recessive defect of iron absorption that results in excessive accumulation of iron in the liver and several other organs; damages liver cells and induces cirrhosis

Back 211

hereditary hemochromatosis

Front 212

aka hepatolenticular degeneration; autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism that produces lesions in the liver, brain, and eye

Back 212

wilson's disease

Front 213

an autosomal recessive disorder that is related to the presence of the PiZ allele of the gene that encodes for AAT

Back 213

alpha-antitrypsin deficiency (AAT)

Front 214

a form of chronic hepatitis; thought to be immune mediated because it is associated with other autoimmune phenomena; affects young women

Back 214

autoimmune hepatitis

Front 215

a disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts and progression to cirrhosis

Back 215

primary biliary cirrhosis

Front 216

a disease of unknown origin that also may have an immune pathogenesis; primarily affects adult men younger than 40 years

Back 216

primary sclerosing cholangitis

Front 217

liver is resistant to ______ infections

Back 217

bacterial

Front 218

concretions composed of chemicals normally formed in bile; extremely common and in the US more than half a million people undergo surgery for these a year

Back 218

gallstones

Front 219

two types of gallstones

Back 219

cholesterol stones and pigmentary stones