Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
FAS characterized by
|
growth retardation
microphtalmia short palpebralfisures mide face hypoplasia smooth or short philtrum thinner upper lip CNS malformations hyperactivity attention def learning disabilities inteelectual deficits seizures |
|
|
5 stable personality traits
|
extraversion
neuroticism agreeableness opennes to experience conscientiousness |
|
|
social smile
|
16 weeks
|
|
|
end of baby talk
|
5 years
|
|
|
kohlberg concepts of morality in adolescents
|
pre-conventional ( obedience to parents)
conventional-role conformity (gain approval to maintain relationship) self-accepted principles (comply with rules on the basis of ethical principles) |
|
|
circadian influences arises from
|
hypothalamus
suprachiasmiatic nucleus pontine reticular formation |
|
|
basal ganglia include
|
substantia nigra
the subthalamic nucleus putamen, caudate nucleus globus pallidus lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus) corpus striatum (putamen, caudate and globus palidus) |
|
|
SZP neuroimaging findings
|
MRI:decreased size of hypocampus, amygdala and parahypocampul gyrus
lack of glial cells 10-15% reduccion in overal size of temporal lobe reduction of cortical areeas (frontal, parietal and thalamus) PET: decreased preforntal cerebral blood flow and temporal lobe limbic region was hyperactive |
|
|
brain imagin in HD
|
enlarged ventricules and atrophy of caudate and putamen
|
|
|
hemiballismus is caused by
|
lession in the subthalamic nucleu
|
|
|
brain changes in alcohol dependence
|
generalized reductions in brain mass by decreasing in cortical gray and white matter and increased of CSF volume in ventricules mainly lateral.
|
|
|
drug abuse that can be tested in urine times
|
cocaine: 6-8 h (metabolite 2-4d)
THC: 3d to 4 weeks amphetamines: 48h BZD: 3 days ALcohol: 7-12h barbiturics 2-4 h (s.acting) 3 weeks (l.acting) heroine: 36-72h codeine: 48h methadone: 3days morphine: 48-72h PCP: 8 days |
|
|
panic attacks triggered by sodium lactate are inhibited by
|
BZD not by Bblockers.
|
|
|
haptic hallucinations
|
involves touch (formication0
|
|
|
chromosomes commonly associated with SZP
|
5,11,12 (long arms)
6,8,9 ( short arms) x chromosome |
|
|
chromosomes commonly associated with AD and pick's disease
|
AD: 1,14,21
pick: 17 |
|
|
FTD are
|
primary progressive aphasia
croticobasal degeenration semantic dementia pick's disease |
|
|
what is cenesthetic hallucination
|
a sensation of an altered state in a body organ w/o any special receptor apparatus to explain the sensation. eg. burning sensation in the brain
|
|
|
MRI finding in SZP
|
decreases volume in the limbic system
increased vol in basal ganlia decreased cortical grey matter |
|
|
cataplexy is seen in?
|
narcolepsy
|
|
|
catalepsy is seen in?
|
catatonia
|
|
|
sleep antidepresant effects has been linked with
|
total sleep deprivation
slevtice REM sleep deprivation sleep deprivation in the last half of the night. |
|
|
sleep changes in patients with depression
|
shortened of REM sleep latency
increased porcentage of REM sleep (>25%) shift in REM distribution occurring in the first half of the night. |
|
|
sleep patterns changes over life span
|
in neonatal period REM sleep occurs > 50% of total sleep and goes from alert to REM state. no stages 1 to 4
in young adulthood: REM sleep occurs 25% elderly: increase sleep latency incidence of noctural myoclonus increases total average of dayle sleep increases pts with PLM sleep about one hour less death rates occurs more in people who sleep longer than 9 hours or shorter than 5 hours. |
|
|
BZD changes in sleep
|
reducdes SWS and reduce REM sleep. increases eeg beta and sleep spindle activity
|
|
|
REM sleep changes
|
decreased cardiac output
increases cerebral glucose metabolism resporatot\ry rate is variable increases brain temperature increases HR and BP poikilothermic condition near body paralysis |
|
|
temperament traits
|
harm avoidance
novelty seeking persistence reward dependence |
|
|
smooth pursuit eye movements is often seen in X PD?
|
schizotypal
|
|
|
high levels of testosterone, 17 stradion and estrone is seen in which PD?
|
impulsive (cluster B)
|
|
|
low MAO levels have been seen in which PD?
|
schizotypal
|
|
|
Slow wave activity seen in which PD?
|
ASPD
|
|
|
low levels of 5HIAA are low in person who
|
are impiulvie agressive and attempt suicide
|
|
|
women with fragile x syndrome are diagnosed with this type of PD
|
schizotypal
|
|
|
personality cluster correspond to normal temperament traits:
|
harm avoidance: cluster C
novelty seeking: cluster B reward dependence: Cluster A |
|
|
incidence of Sz with buproprion
|
0.05% at 300 mg dose
0.1% at 400 mg dose |
|
|
common S/e with bupropion
|
HA, tremor,dry mouth, nausea, and insomnia
|
|
|
drug to treat RLS
|
Dopamine antagonist: ROPINIROLE
|
|
|
mechanism of action of clonidine
|
alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonist resulting in a decreased of NE released from the presynaptic nerve terminals
|
|
|
S/E of clonidine
|
sedation,bradycardia, hypotension, fatigue, dry mouth, constipation, nausea and dizziness
|
|
|
Sildenafil mechanism of action
|
Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor. known to be a nitic oxide enhancer, whihc increase the snythesis of cGMPcausing smooth muscle relaxation in the the corpus cavernosun allowing blood to flow into the penis reulting in turgidity and tumescence.
|
|
|
drug to treat urinary retention secondary to anticholinergic S/E
|
BEthanechol 25-50 mg TID to QID
|
|
|
causes of lithium toxicity
|
NSAID
low salt diet thiazides ACE inhibitors DHT renal insufficiency |
|
|
why MAOI and lithium can't be used together?
|
risk for Serotonin syndrome
|
|
|
drugs used in the treatment of sexual dysfuntion caused by SSRI?
|
Sildenafil
yohimbine cyproheptadine amantadine bromocriptine mirtazapine bupropion |
|
|
alcium channel blocker has been beneficial in whcih psych disorder?
|
Tourette's disorder
|
|
|
% of patient developing benign rash in the first 4 months of treatment with lamotrigine?
|
8%
serious rash: 0.08-0.13% |
|
|
name 6 drugs that are induced by CBZ
|
bupropion
methadone haloperidol OCP risperidone lamictal epival |
|
|
due to inhibiton of CYP 3A4 nefazadone,grapefruit juice, cisapride and flouxetine should not be used with
|
terfenadine, CBZ, alprazolam, astemizole, and triazolam
|
|
|
due to inhibiton of 2c9/10 and 2C19 fluoxetine and sertraline should not be use with respectively?
|
dilantin and tolbutamide.
|
|
|
drugs not to used with clozapine
|
CBZ
captopril sulfonamides phenytoin |
|
|
dose of flumazenil for the treatment of BZD overdose
|
initial dose 0.2 mg Iv over 30 sec
most people respond to accumulative dose of 1 to 3 mg. it may precipitate seizure |
|
|
what is median effective dose and what is median toxic dose.
|
median affective dose is the dose at which 50% people have a specific therapeutic effect
median toxic dose is the dose at which 50% patients experience a specific toxic effect |
|
|
what is therapeutic index
|
relative measuere of the toxicity or sagety o a drug and is defined as theration of the median toxic dose to the median effective dose.
|
|
|
potential adverse effects caused by blockade of muscarinic acetylcholine rerecptors
|
blurred vision
constipation urinary retention dry mouth retrograde eyaculation decreased sweating delirium exacerbation of asthma hyperthermia memory problems narow angle glaucoma photophobia sinus tachycardia |
|
|
name 2 drugs that increased valproate levels and two that decreased it
|
increased by aspirin and fluoxetine
decreased by CBZ and OCP |
|
|
difference between BZD and zoplicone
|
it does not have the muscle relaxant effect seen with BZD.. but it is a hypnotic that act at the GABA-BZd complex.
|
|
|
four indication for the use of dantrolene
|
catatonia
NMS serotonin syndrome malignant hyperthermia |
|
|
clozapine acts in which receptors
|
blockade of D1, D3. D4, 5-HT2, H1 and alpha1 noradrenergic receptors.
|
|
|
ADHD neuroimaging changes
|
reduced perfussion in bilateral frontal areas in PET scan
increased perfusion in prefrontal, striatal, thalamus regions in response to methylphenidate administration on PET dorsal ant cingulate cortex dysfuntion on funtional MRI abnormalities in frontal-striatal brain on various imaging techniques |
|
|
concordance rates of ADHD for monozygotic and dizygotic twins respectivelt
|
51-81% and 29-33%
|
|
|
neurobiochemical abnormalities in autistic disorder
|
grand mal sz
ventricular enlargement on CT EEG abnormalities increased total brain volume |
|
|
prader willi syndrome
|
chromosome deletion 15
hyperphagia,obesity hypotonia, feeding difficulties food seeking food hoarding temper tantums, agression excessive daytime sleepiness emotional lability compulsions |
|
|
FAS physical and cognitive sx
|
thin upper lip
midface hypoplasia short palpebral fisure smooth philtrum microcephalia short stature mild to mod MR irritablility inattention hyperactivity |
|
|
Describer Cloninger psychobiological model of personality
|
personality made up of 50% temperament and 50% character.
Temperaments: 1. Harm avoidance 2. Novelty seeking 3. Persistence 4. Reward dependence Character: 1. self-directedness 2. Cooperativeness 3. self-transcendence |
|
|
5 dimension of personality (OCEAN)
|
Openness/closedness
Conscientiousness Extroversion/introversion Agreeableness/antagonism Neurotism |
|
|
anxiety psychodynamic developmental hierarchy
|
from lowest to hightest:
1. desintegration anxiety 2. persecutory anxiety 3. fear of a loss object 4. fear of loss of love 5. castration anxiety 6. superego anxiety |
|
|
PTSD neuroanatomical changes
|
deecreased hypocampal volume ans structural amygdala changes
decreased broca area and activation of amygdala in flashbacks marked right hemisphery lateralization |
|
|
neurochemical findings in PTSD
|
increased urine chatecolamines
increased opioid receptor decreased 5HT dec resting GC levels hyporessponsiveness to DSTY platelet alpha 2 and lymptphocyte beta adrenergic receptor downregualtion |
|
|
alcohol and substace use scales
|
CAGE questionnaire
AUDIT ( alcohol use disorder identification test) MAST (Michigan alcohol screening test) CIWA (clinical institute withdrwal assessment for alcohol) |
|
|
Cloninger's 2 subtypes of alcoholism
|
Type I ( mileu limited) more females. environmental reaactivity. low criminality. lownovelty seeking and high harm avoidance
Type II ( male limited) early onset. less dependent inenvironemnt. more criminality. high novelty seeking, low harm avoidance. hx of alcohol in family. ASPD |
|
|
scores ranges in HAMD 21Q
|
0-7 no dep
8-13 mild dep 14-18 mod dep 19-22 sev dep >23 very severe dep |
|
|
rating for MDQ
|
3 questions;
1 Qs has 13 items. +.7/13 2 Qs yes (all at the same time) 3Qs at least moderate problems |
|
|
YMRS scoring
|
clinical rated
<13 no sx 13-19 minimal sev 20-25 mild > 26-37 mod >38 severe |
|
|
heritability of mood disorders
|
10-25%=1 parent
20-50%= both parents 70-90%= MZ 16-35%=DZ 4-24% 1st degree relative |
|
|
Chromosome associated with MDD and BAD
|
MDD= CREB (chr 2) serotonine trasnporter
BAD= Chr 18 and 22 18 is also associted with panic |
|
|
Assessment questionnaire to diagnose delirium?
|
CAM ( confusion assessment method questionnaire)
1. acute onset and fluctuating course 2. inattention 3. disorganized thinking 4. altered level of consciousness the diagnosis requires 1 and 3 and either 3 or 4 |
|
|
cognitive changes with aging
|
sensory motor slowing
decreased in adquisition and retrieval of new information problem solving abilities fuild abilities speech comprenhension |
|
|
cognitive funtions preserve with aging
|
short term recall
registration cristlized abilities of knowledges and social skills terciary memory |
