Study Guide (He) Quiz 1

Front 1

Evolution

Back 1

Simple-Change over time.
A change in the gene frequency of a population from one generation to the next.
Happens within a population not the individual.

Front 2

Four Forces of Evolution

Back 2

Mutation
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Natural Selection

Front 3

Mutation

Back 3

A change in the genetic structure of an organism.
Source of genetic variation.
Good, Bad, or Neutral
Random

Front 4

Gene Flow/Migration

Back 4

Movement of genetic material from one population to another.
Random

Front 5

Genetic Drift

Back 5

Changes in gene frequency in a small population.
random

Front 6

Genetic Drift:
Founder Effect

Back 6

Small population becomes reproductively isolated.

Front 7

Genetic Drift:
Bottleneck

Back 7

Population is greatly reduced causing reduced genetic variation.

Front 8

Natural Selection

Back 8

Changes in the frequency of a trait or gene in a population due to environmental factors.
Individuals with better adaptive traits to the environment are able to survive and pass those traits to their offspring.
Not random

Front 9

DNA

Back 9

double stranded twisting molecule (double helix)

Front 10

Four Nitrogenous Bases

Back 10

Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)

Front 11

Purines

Back 11

double-ringed compound
A's and G's

Front 12

Pyrimidines

Back 12

single-ringed compound
C's and T's

Front 13

Purines/Pyrimidines

Back 13

A=T
G=C

Front 14

Nucleotide

Back 14

Basic unit of DNA
3 parts
phosphate group
sugar ring
base
connected through a strong chemical bond.
Attach to phosphate backbone via hydrogen bonds.

Front 15

What's the difference between the bond between Adenine and Thymine and that between Cytosine and Guanine?

Back 15

A's and T's bond with double hydrogen bonds.
C's and G's bond with a triple hydrogen bond.

Front 16

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Back 16

messenger RNA (mRNA)
Uracil instead of Thymine
Ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose.
Single Stranded
Copies one gene at a time

Front 17

Transcription

Back 17

DNA unwinds at a specific gene.

RNA polymerase forms a complimentary mRNA strand.

mRNA travels through nuclear membrane.

A ribosome begins the process of translation at the "START" codon.

Front 18

Translation

Back 18

Ribosome reads three bases (codon) at a time.

Each codon is complimented with an anti-codon carried on tRNA molecules.

When the codon of the mRNA matches the anti-codon of the tRNA, the amino acid is transferred to the ribosome.

This process is repeated, creating a chain, until a STOP codon is encountered.

The ribosome and mRNA degenerate leaving the protein.

Front 19

Monohybrid Cross

Back 19

Used one trait that is coded by two alleles like flower color.

Pure bred purple and pure bred white crossed.

First generation self pollinated.

Second generation 3:1 ratio purple and white flowers.

Front 20

Transcription Factors

Back 20

A protein that binds with specific DNA sequences to control transcription of genetic information to mRNA.

Allows or prevents RNA polymerase from reaching a certain gene.

Regulate gene expression.