Study Guide For Exam I (Part I)

Front 1

Tyoe I fibers have high _______ capacity whereas Type 11 fibers have high _______ capacity.

Back 1

oxidative, glycolytic

Front 2

A motor unit is composed of an _______ ________ neuron and a GROUP of _______ _______.

Back 2

alpha motor, muscle fibers

Front 3

The two neural mechanisms responsible of force gradations are ____ _____ and _______.

Back 3

rate coding, recruitment

Front 4

Rate coding implies ________ summation, which allows for increased firing rates in motor units.

Back 4

temporal

Front 5

Recruitment implies ______ summation, which allows for an increase in number of motor units.

Back 5

spacial

Front 6

_______ recruitment refers to the gradual recruitment of ____ motor units.

Back 6

Orderly, four

Front 7

Length-tension relationship refers to the optimal _______ length = optimal _______.

Back 7

sarcomere, overlap

Front 8

The speed-force relationship explains that as a muscle ________ faster, the _____ development decreases.

Back 8

contracts, force

Front 9

The speed-force relationship explains that as a muscle _______ faster, maximal ____ increases.

Back 9

extends

Front 10

All fibers in a _____ unit develop force in response to an ______ _________.

Back 10

motor, action potential

Front 11

The ____________ side of the membrane is positive.

Back 11

extracellular

Front 12

The __________ side of the membrane is negative.

Back 12

cytoplasmic

Front 13

The resting membrane potential is -__mV.

Back 13

70

Front 14

The Sodium-Potassium pump uses ___ to move 3 ________ ions and 2 ________ ions.

Back 14

ATP, sodium, potassium

Front 15

The threshold for an action potential is -__mV.

Back 15

55

Front 16

Once an action potential threshold is reached, voltage-gated __ channels open and allows __ to _____ the cell.

Back 16

Na+, Na+, enter

Front 17

After depolarization from rapid Na+ entry, __ channels close and slower __ channels open to allow __ to move into the _____________ fluid.

Back 17

Na+, K+, K+, extracelluar

Front 18

The Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO) is located at the origins and insertions of _________ _________ fibers into the ________ of skeletal muscles.

Back 18

skeletal muscle, tendons

Front 19

The major function of the ________ ________ ________ is to sense muscle tension when a muscle is contracted, sending signals to the brain about how much force is being exerted and where.

Back 19

Golgi Tendon Organ

Front 20

________ _________ are found within the belly of muscle.

Back 20

Muscle spindles

Front 21

The primary function of muscle spindles are to ________

Back 21

detect changes in the length of the muscle.

Front 22

The stretch reflex is caused by what specialized muscle fiber?

Back 22

muscle spindles

Front 23

The Primary Motor Cortex controls ___ and _______ muscle movement.

Back 23

fine, discrete

Front 24

Of the Primary Motor Cortex, the frontal lobe contains _________ _____ and the premotor cortex controls ________ motor skills.

Back 24

pyramidal cells, learned

Front 25

The basal ganglia is important in initiating movement of a ________ and ________ nature.

Back 25

sustained, repetitive

Front 26

The Cerebellum controls _____ and ________ muscular activity. It "______" movements.

Back 26

rapid, complex, smooths

Front 27

ATP can be recycled thanks to ___ during the first 3-15 seconds of maximal exercise.

Back 27

PCr

Front 28

The Glycolytic System breaks down _______ via ________ and yields __ - __ mol ATP

Back 28

glucose, glycolysis, 2, 3

Front 29

The Oxidative System yields ___ - ___ ATP per 1 glucose molecule and around ___ ATP per 1 FFA.

Back 29

32, 33, 100

Front 30

The ________ ________ occurs in the mitochondria.

Back 30

oxidative system

Front 31

A marathon warrants the use of _______ ______ as fuel.

Back 31

fatty acids

Front 32

The primary energy source of a 200m race is ____.

Back 32

PCr

Front 33

The primary energy source of an ____m race is anaerobic glycolysis.

Back 33

800

Front 34

Aerobic metabolism is the primary energy source for races longer than _____m.

Back 34

1500

Front 35

The two types of hormones are _______ and non-_______.

Back 35

steroid, steroid

Front 36

Hormone secretion is regulated by _________ feedback and is secreted in bursts (________).

Back 36

negative, pulsatile

Front 37

Hormone receptors are _________, meaning they adjust numbers based on up-regulation and down-regulation.

Back 37

dynamic

Front 38

Sweating causes loss of blood plasma which results in increased __________.

Back 38

osmolarity

Front 39

Increased blood osmolarity stimulates osmoreceptors in the ____________, which causes the _________ pituitary gland to secrete ADH.

Back 39

hypothalamus, posterior

Front 40

ADH causes the ________ to increase re-absorption of water.

Back 40

kidney

Front 41

The RAS is a ________ system that regulates ______ __________ and _______ balance.

Back 41

hormone, blood pressure, water

Front 42

______ is secreted by the kidney once they sense low blood pressure caused by dehydration.

Back 42

Renin