Study Guide Exam 3

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Concept

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A mental category used to represent a class or group of objects..people..organizations..events..situations..or relations that share common characteristics or attributes.

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Formal concept

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A concept that is clearly define buy a set of rules a formal definition or a classification system also known as an artificial concept.

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Natural concept

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A concept acquired not from a definition but through everyday perceptions and experiences also known as a fuzzy concept.

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Prototype

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An example that embodies the most common and typical features of a concept

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Algorithm

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Asymptomatic step-by-step procedures such as a mathematical formula that guarantees a solution to a problem of a certain type if applied appropriately and executed properly

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Heuristics

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Rules of thumb that are derived from experience and used in decision making and problem solving even though there are no guarantee of their accuracy or usefulness

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Availability heuristic

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A cognitive rule of thumb that says that the probability of an event or the importance assigned to it is based on its availability in memory

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Representativeness heuristic

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A thinking strategy based on how closely a new object or situation is judged to resemble or match an existing prototype of that object or situation

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Recognition heuristic

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A strategy in which decision-making stops as soon as a factor that moves toward decision has been recognized

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Convergent thinking

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Guilford defines it as a type of mental activity measured by IQ and achievement test it consists of solving precisely defined logical problems for which there is a known correct answer

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Divergent thinking

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The ability to produce multiple ideas answers or solutions to a problem for which there is no agreed on solution

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Stanford-Binet intelligent test

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Yielded scores in terms of intelligence quotients the intelligent quotient or IQ originally is a mental age divided by the chronological age and multiplied by 100 IQ scores allowed children of different ages to be compared

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Wechsler Intelligence test

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This test is based on a normal distribution of data rather than the intelligence quotient (how far a person deviates from the norm)

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Gardner's intelligence (Frames of Mind)

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There are eight independent forms of intelligence they are linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, interpersonal, and naturalistic

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Reliability

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The ability of a test to yield nearly the same score when the same people are tested and then re-tested on the same test or an alternative form of the test

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Validity

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The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

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Culture fair intelligence test

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Intelligence test that use questions that will not penalize those whose culture differ from the mainstream or dominant culture

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Linguistic relativity hypothesis

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The notion that the language a person speaks largely determines the nature of that person's thoughts.

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Cognitive maps

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A mental representation of a spatial arrangement such as a maze

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Schemas

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Is the integrated framework of knowledge and assumptions a person has about people , objects , and events , which affect how the person and codes and recall information.

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Gender schema theory

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A theory suggesting that young children are motivated to attend to and behave in a way consistent with gender-based standards and stereotypes of their culture.

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Motivation

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Motivation is all the processes that initiate, direct, and sustains behavior.

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Intrinsic motivation

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The desire to behave in a certain way because it is enjoyable or satisfying in and of itself

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Extrinsic motivation

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The desire to behave in a certain way in order to gain some external reward or to avoid some undesirable consequences.

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Instinct theory

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An instinct is a fixed behavior pattern that is characteristic of every member of a species and is assumed to be genetically programmed.

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Satiety

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The feeling of being full or satisfied.

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Lateral hypothalamus

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The part of the hypothalamus that acts as a feeding center to incite eating

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Ventromedial hypothalamus

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The part of the hypothalamus that acts as a satiety or fullness enter to inhibit eating

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Freud sublimation

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The rechanneling of sexual and aggressive energy into pursuit or accomplishments that society considers acceptable or even admirable.

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Maslow's 8 levels of hierarchy of needs

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Transcendence(spiritual needs), self- actualization(need to fulfill potential), esthetic(need for order & beauty), cognitive(need for knowledge), esteem(need for confidence& sense of self worth), attachment(need to belong & to love), safety(need for security & freedom from fear), biological(need for food, water, oxygen, rest)

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Theory of emotion ( James Lange, cannon-bard, Schachter singer)

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James-Lange theory an event causes physiological arousal example you experience any motion only after you interpret the physical response. Cannon- Bard theory an event causes a physiological an emotional response simultaneously example 1 does not cause the other Schachter singer theory an event causes a physiological arousal. You must then be able to identify a reason for the arousal and order to label the emotion.

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Sternberg's love triangle 1/7

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Consummate love-contains all three commitment, intimacy, and passion (The most complete form of love. Relationship that everyone strive for but few achieve).

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Sternberg love triangle 2/7

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Companionate love- contains commitment and intimacy. (Usually where passion has gone out of a relationship)

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Sternberg love triangle 3/7

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Romantic love-it contains intimacy and passion. (Bonded emotionally and physically through passionate arousal)

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Sternberg's love triangle 4/7

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Fatuous love- contains commitment and passion. Exemplified by a whirlwind courtship.

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Sternberg love triangle 5/7

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Infatuated love- contains only passion. Love at first sight.

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Sternberg's love triangle 6/7

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Empty love-contains commitment only. Arranged marriages were intimacy and passion died.

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Sternberg's love triangle 7/7

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liking- contains only intimacy. True friends.

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What is personality

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It is a person characteristics patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

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The components of personality
Freud's psychodynamic approach

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The id, ego, super ego. The ID is the unconscious system of the personality, which contains the life and death instincts and operates on the pleasure principle source of libido. The ego is the logical, rational, largely conscious system of personality, which operates according to the reality principle. The Super Ego is the moral system of personality, which consists of the conscience and the ego ideal.

Hint 40

id- pleasure principle
ego-reality principle
superego-has 2 parts
the conscience- all the behaviors a child has been punished and about which he or she feels guilty & ego ideal all the behaviors for which a child has been praised and rewarded and about which he or she feels pride and satisfaction.

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BF Skinner behavioralist

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Acts on the environment and he uses reinforcement whether good or bad.

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Maslow and Rogers humanistic self instead of ego

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People are assumed to have a natural tendency to wards growth and realization of their fullest potential.

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Maslow

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Empathized self actualization

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Rogers

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Believed that unconditional positive regard helped individuals a taint potential

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Bendera cognitive

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Claims that the person/cognitive factors (like traits and thinking), the environment (which is reinforcement) and behavior interactive shape personality.

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Social cognitive theory

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Is the view that personality can be defined as a collection of learned behaviors acquired through social interaction.

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Neo-Freudians

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Where one builds on the strengths of Freud's approach and avoids its weaknesses.

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Neo-Freudian Carl Jung1/3

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One of the most important neo-freudian. He did not consider the sexual instinct to be the main factor in personality, nor did he believe that the personality is almost completely formed in childhood. He believed it was in the middle age which was the most important for personality development. He came up with three ideas of his own- personal unconscious, collective unconscious, archetypes the anima & animus. He also distinguished between personal and collective unconscious

Hint 48

Personal unconscious-develop a result of one's own experience. Collective unconscious- most inaccessible layer of the unconscious (Contains the universal experiences of humankind throughout our existence like myths, Dreams, religious beliefs, and symbols). Archetype-inherited tendency to respond to universal human situations and particular ways. Anima- is the inner feminine figure within unconscious of every man. Animus-is the inner masculine figure within the unconscious of every woman.

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Alfred Adler

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Emphasize the unity of the personality rather than the separate warring components of the id, ego, and super ego. Declared that people develop a style of life in early childhood. Develop the inferiority complex. (Where feelings are too strong that they prevent personal development). He also developed the superiority striving (where we try to equal or exceed the accomplishments of others). If we cannot accomplish this we will find other ways of distinguishing ourselves. Emphasize the inferiority complex and striving for superiority.