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207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Osteocytes
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-Mature bone cell maintain bone Matrix
-dont divide -Live in lacunae( found btwn layers (lamellae) of matrix -Conn. by cytoplasmic extensions thru canaliculi in lamellae ***MAKE OWN SLIDE To maintain protein and mineral content of matrix To help repair damaged bone |
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Osteoblasts + secrete 2 things
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-immature -secrete osteogenesis
-surrounded by bone become osteocytes -produces Osteoid |
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Osteoprogenitor cells
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stem cells divide to produce osteoblasts
-assist in fracture repair -located in endosteum |
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osteoclasts
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break down bone matrix & release osteolysis
-from stem cells that produce macrophages -GIANT multi nucl cells -Secrete acids & protein-digesting enzymes |
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Spongy Bone characteristics
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-has red (bl ves) & yellow marrow (fat)
-Matrix make open network of trabeculae |
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Bone reModeling results
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-renews bone matrix
-replace min reserve -involves osteo:cytes, clasts & blasts |
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Osteoporosis
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severe bone lost
-effect more woman over45 |
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osteopenia
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fragile limbs
-Epiphyses, vertebrae& jaws most affected: |
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Calcitrol characteristics
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-hormone from kidneys
- Help absorb calcium &phosphorus from dig tract -needs vitD3 to synthesize (cholecalciferol) |
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Calcium Characteristics
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-stored in bones
-most abundant in body vital to:: membranes, neurons, mus cell, heart cell |
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Calcitonin & PTH maintain & control
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homeostasis
control storage, absorption, and excretion in bones, kidn, digest tract |
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Calcitonin
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Secret by C cells (parafollicular cells) in thyroid
Decreas calci ion levels by::: -stop osteoclast activity -Increa calcium excretion at kidneys |
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PTH-parathyroid hormone
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produced by PT in neck
-increase Cali ions by: stimulating osteoclasts decrease calci descret in kidneys Increas intestinal absorp of calcium |
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3 Joint Classification
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-Syn arthosis
-Amphi arthrosis -Di arthrosis |
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what is Syn arthrosis?
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no movement
may fuse over time fiber/cart connections strong have 4 types |
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What is Amphi arthrosis?
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Little movement
-fib/cart connections |
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What is Di arthrosis? aka ____ _____
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Free moveable
aka synovial -move in triaxial plane (gets subdivided by movement) |
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What are the 4 types of SYN arthrosis?
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1. Suture
2. Synostosis 3. Synchondrosis 4. Gomphosis (((((SYN has 3 letter. 3 S's + 1 G))))) |
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Suture bones
characteristic + where found |
-only found skull
interlock -fib connected tissue |
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GOMphosis
characteristic + where found (gom like gum) |
paraDONTAL lig
hold teeth in socket (dontal like dentist(orthoDONTist --want teeth in place |
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Synch ondrosis
characteristic + where found |
bridge btwn 2 bones
Epiphyseal cart long bones Btwn vertebrosternal ribs & sternum |
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Syno stosis
characteristic + where found |
fused cant move
Front skull suture Epiphyseal lines of long bones |
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2 types of AMphiarthROSES
(flowers & chocolate) |
1. synDESMOSIS
2. SYMPHhysis DESMOSIS---daisy flowers SYMPH=sympony choco bar |
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What is synDESmosis?
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bones connected by LIGA
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What is SyMPHysis?
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bones sep by fib cart
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Diarthrosis
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are in articular capsules
lined w/ synovial membrane |
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what is Articular cartilages
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pad prevent bone from touching
-artic surfaces within art capsule |
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Smooth surfaces are lubricated with synovial fluid to reduce _______
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friction
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Synovial Fluid
1.Characteristic + 3 functions (think by prevent friction important with bones) |
is secreted by fibroblasts
(((slippery proteoglycans)))) function=lubrication, absorb shock, distrib nutrients |
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Cartilage
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cushion joints
fib/cart pad called meniscus |
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Fat Pads
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protect art cartilage
-covers joint capsule (superficial to it) |
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Ligaments
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support/strengthen joints
(tendon also support joint) |
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Tendons
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attach muscle around joint
support joint (so does ligament) |
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Bursae
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Pockets of Synovial Fluid
-cushio where liga & tendons rub |
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What is a sprain?:
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torn ligament & cart. fibers
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Dislocation aka luxation
& what does it damage |
articic surface is forced out of place
damages joint capsule, art cartil, & ligament |
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Subluxation
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partial dislocation
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What movement does ADDuction make?
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move towards longitudinal axis of body
-frontal place angular motion |
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what movement does Circumduction make?
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circular motion without rotation
angular motion |
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What movement does Rotation make?
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diaphysis spins in circle
-relative to longitudinal axis of body direction of rotation from anatom position |
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Medial rotation
Lateral Rotation |
Medial= inward rotation; towards axis
Lateral=outward rotation; away from axis |
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What movement is Supination & Pronation ?
what part of body does both movements? |
supination=forearm in anat. position; palm up
pronation=palm down; radius over ulna; rotates forearm *forearm does both movements |
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inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion are in regard to?
& what how does each move? |
feet
inversion=twist sole medial eversion=twist sole lateral dorsiflexion=flexion at ankle-lift toes plantar=extension @ankle-point toe |
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Oppositonal
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thumb moves toward fingers/palm
make grasping motion |
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What type of movement does
Protraction & Retraction make? |
Protraction=push forward in horizontal plane-moves anterior
Retractional=pull back in horizon plane |
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Lateral Flexion
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bend vertebral column side to side
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Elevation
Depression |
Elevation= move in superior direction
(up) Depression=move in inferior direction (down) |
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6 types of synovial joints
***remember acronym*** P.E.B(s).S.G.H |
PEBSGH=People Everywhere BS Simply to Gain Hierarchy
Pivot Ellipsoid Ball&Socket Saddle Glide Hinge |
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What movement does it make & what Plane does it move in?
Pivot |
rotation only
monaxial |
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What movement does it make & what Plane does it move in?
Ellipsoid **think eclipse |
Oval articular face within a depression
motion in 2 planes (biaxial) |
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What movement does it make & what Plane does it move in?
Ball-And-Socket |
Round articular face within depression
Triaxial |
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What movement does it make & what Plane does it move in?
Saddle |
straddled
2 directions (biaxial) |
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What movement does it make & what Plane does it move in?
Glide |
flat/slight curve face
limited movement (nonaxial) |
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What movement does it make & what Plane does it move in?
Hinge |
Angular motion
1 plane (monaxial) |
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Which Joints Are These?
Acromclav joint & clavsternal joints intercarpal & intertarsal sacroilliac verto/costal |
Gliding
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Which Joints Are These?
first carpometacarpal joint (trapezium&metacarpal joint of thumb) |
saddle joint
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Which Joints Are These?
Shoulder joint (humerous/scapula) & hip Joint |
Ball-And-Socket
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Which Joints Are These?
radiocarpal joint metacarpophalangeal metatarsalphalangeal |
Ellipsoid
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Which Joints Are These?
atlas/axis proximal rradio-ulnar joint |
pivot
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Which Joints Are These?
elbow joint ankle joint knee joint interphlangeal joint |
hinge
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which joints are monoaxial? & what is the diff?
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Hinge & Pivot.
Diff is Pivot is rotational only Henge is angular motion |
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which joint is non axial
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Gliding joint
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which joints are Biaxial
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saddle & Ellipsoid
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Which joints are triaxial?
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Ball & socket
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which joint has largest articulation?
which has the smallest? |
largest=humero-ulnar
smallest= humeroradial |
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what articulates in Humero-Ulnar joint?
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Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
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What articulates in Humeroradial joint?
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Capitulum of humerus and head of radius
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Joint with greatest range & least stable
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glenohumeral joint
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What is articulating at the glenohumeral joint?
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head of humerus and glenoid cavity
of scapula |
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what bones articulate at the elbow?
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humerus, radius, and ulna
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what bones make hip joint?
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Head of femur fits into the socket of acetabulum
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weight transfers from ____ to ___
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femur to tibia
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there are 3 articulations in knee. 2 are in the tibia. 1)__ condyle 2). __ condyle.
3) ___ surface of the tibia |
1, medial
2, lateral 2.) patella |
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what happens where you "Lock" your knees?
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you jam the lateral meniscus between tibia and femur
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A Strain is a tear in the ___ not the ___.
A sprain is a partial/complete tear in the ___ & the ___ |
muscle not the joint
ligaments & capsule of joint |
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DIfference between Arthritis:::
Gouty, Osteo, Rheumatoid, |
gouty=cystals from in synovial fluid (calci or uric acid)
osteo=wear & tear of joints rheumatoid= inflam. involves immune sys |
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Epimysium 3 characteristics
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1.) exterior cart. layer surrounds the whole muscle (organ)
2)seperates muscle from surrounding tissues 3)connected to deep fascia |
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Perimysium 2 characteristics
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surrounds fascicles (bundles mus fiber)
contains blood vessel & nerve sup |
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Endomysium 3 characteristics
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1. surroun, individual mus fib/cell
2. capillaries & nerve cells contacting muscle cells 3..myosatellite cells (stem cells) that repair damage |
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What is the sliding Filament Theory
what happens when to parts of sacromere during contracts? |
Thin fil slide toward M line
alongside thick filaments -width of A band stays same - Z lines move closer together -h band smaller -titan gets BIGGER |
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Components of Sacromere
3 Lines, 3 bands +2 others |
M Line --A Band
Z Line ---I Band Z Line ---H Band Titin Zone of Overlap |
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What is the Neuromuscular Junction?
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location of neural stim
ends at Synaptic Terminal Place where AP travels |
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what are the 5 steps & location names involved with AP
(in the NMJ) |
1.) An ACTION potential arrives at the synaptic terminal (NMJ)
2.) Acetylcholine (ACh) is released from the axon terminal into the synaptic cleft. (((vesicles in synaptic term fuse with nueron membrane & dump their contents in synap cleft))) 3.) AcH binds at the motor end plate ((binding of AcH to recept increases membrane perm to NA+. NA+ then rush in cell)) 4.) AP is in sacrolemma (motor end plate) {{AP spreads across surface of sacrolemma while this occurs AChE breaks down ACh 5.) Return to initial state ((if another AP arrive at NMJ, the cycles begins at step 1 again |
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What role does ACh (acetylocholine) have?
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AcH gets released into synaptic cleff -->binds to receptors on sacrolemma (motor end plate)--> membrane changes periamble to Na+ -->NA+ rushes into sacrolemma -> AcH gets blocked/broken down by enzyme (AcHE)
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What role does AchE (acetylocholiesterase) have on muscles?
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breaks down AcH once it crosses the muscle motor plate & recycles it back to the nerve, clearing the synaptic cleft so another contract can happen
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What role does Sodium play on muscle contraction?
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once AcH binds to recept site on muscle plate, membrane gets periable to Na+ & triggers NA+ to rush in & Potass- to rush out.
It allows AP to jump to muscle side by causing exchange--depolarization of ions |
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what is AP (action potential)?
what role does AP play in contraction? |
electrical nerve signal
generated by increas in NA+ ions in sacrolemma --> travels along t-tubes -> leads to excitation/contraction coupling-->AP reaches Triad |
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how does AP to NMJ travel?
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down length of axon & ending at Synaptic Terminal
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AcH is released by what?
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Synaptic Terminal
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What is a synaptic cleft?
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gap btwn synaptic terminal
& motor end plate |
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What role does Caclium play in NMJ? & what 2 things does it require?
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after AP reaches Triad--> it release Ca+ & triggers contraction
**requires myosin heads to be in "cocked position" & LOADED with ATP |
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Neural stimulation of sarcolemma:
Causes _____ |
Causes excitation–contraction coupling
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Cisternae of SR releases ____ which triggers interaction of ____ & ____. which consume ___ & produce tension
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Ca2+
triggers interaction of thick/thin filament. consume ATP & produce tension |
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5 steps of contraction ((in resting sacromere)))
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1. Expos active sites
2. Formation of cross-bridges 3. Pivoting of myosin heads 4. Detachment of cross-bridges 5. Reactivation of myosin |
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Difference btwn ACh & AChE on molecular level
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AcH is transmitter
AchE is enzyme |
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what produces tension?
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As sarcomeres shorten, muscle pulls together
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what causes Muscle Cramps?
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Lack of ATP needed to pump Ca2+ back into SR & makes muscle stay partially contracted
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what causes Rigor Mortis?
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Ion pumps stop -> results in a lack of ATP--> Ca2+ builds up in the sarcoplasm
This prevents relaxation Thus a fixed muscular contraction after death |
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Skeletal muscle fibers ___ as thin filaments slide btwn thick filaments
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shorten
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____in the sarcoplasm triggers contraction
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Ca+
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__ releases Ca2+ when a motor neuron stimulates the ____
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SR
muscle fiber |
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Contraction is a ___ process
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active
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Relaxation/return to resting length are ____ process
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passive
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What are Myosin Heads? & what do they do during contraction?
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the puck part of thick filament
Interact with actin filaments --> form cross-bridges --> Pivot --> producing motion |
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what motion does Myosin head do?
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Pivot
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Thick filaments contain::
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Myosin (head/tail)
Titin |
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What is Titin?
(green coils) |
strands of protein
reach tips of thick fil to Z-Line Stabilize filaments recoil after stretching |
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Twisted Myosin has Head & tail.
what is the function of them? +what head is made of? |
head=reaches nearest thin fil::: Made of 2 globular protein subunits
tail=Binds to other myosin molecules |
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Hierarchy of Skel Muscle
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Skeletal Mus --> mus Fascicle --> Muscle fiber/cell--> myoFIBRIL--> sacromere
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Skel Mus is surrounded by _____ & contains _____
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surrounded by Epimysium, contains bundles of mus fascicles
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Mus Fascicle is surrounded by ____ & contains ____
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surr by Perimysium
contains mus fibers |
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Mus Fiber is surrounded by ___ & contains ______
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surr by Endomysium
contains Myofibrils |
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Myofibril is surrounded by ___ & contains ____
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Sacroplasmic Reticulum (SR)
contains Sacromeres (z line to z line) |
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what is a sacromere? & what does it contain? (not including lines &bands)
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z line to z line
contains thin/thick filaments |
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4 thin Filaments:
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1. Nebulin
2. F-Actin ((Filamentous actin) 3. Tropmyosin 4. Troponin. |
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*********************************
(((know all 4 thin Filament functions))) |
(((know all 4 thin Filament functions)))
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memorize who string double pears moves ****LOOK AT PIC In NOTES
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memorize who string double pears moves ****LOOK AT PIC In NOTES
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Zone of overlap
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where thin/thick fil overlap
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H-Band
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Area around M line
*only contains thick Fila |
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what are A-Bands & I-Bands?
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A Bands= thick
I Bands=Thin |
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Alternating A& I Bands is called?
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Striations
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___ is in the center of the A-Bands
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M line (also center of sacromere)
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____ is in the center of I-Bands
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Z-lines ((also at both ends of sacromere))
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___ are the contractile units of muscle & form pattern of myofibril
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Sacromere
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Sacromeres are the structural unites of ____
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Myobrils
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What forms a triad?
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2 terminal cisternae + 1 T-Tub
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Calci is stored in ____ & released _____
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Terminal Cisternae
released Zone of Overlap |
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what causes the troponin/ tropmyosin to change form?
(pearls twist) |
Calci binds to Troponin
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during contraction ___ gets bigger while ____ gets smaller
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bigger= zone of overlap
smaller= muscle length |
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What is Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)?
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membrane struct surr each myofibril
help transmit AP |
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____ Forms chambers (terminal cisternae) attached to T tubules
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SR
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___ transmits AP thru cell
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T-Tubules (((Transverse tubuiles)
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____ have same properties as sacrolemma & Allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously
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T-Tubes
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It is the change in transmembrane potential that
begins contractions |
It is the change in transmembrane potential that
begins contractions |
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all or nothing principle
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as a whole a muscle fiber is contracted or relaxed
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Aerobic Metabolism
how & where cells produce & store ATP |
-Rrimary energy source RESTING mus
*Breaks down fatty acids *Produces 34 ATP/glucose |
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Anaerobic Glycolysis
How/where cells produce/store ATP |
*primary energy source PEAK mus activity
*makes 2 ATP mol/glucose *Breaks down glucose from glycogen stored in skeletal muscles |
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Clostridium Botulinum aka Boltisim ( botox)
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rod shape bacteria; improper canning of food
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2 Drugs affecting NMJ
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Neostigmine & curare
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what happens in a resting muscle?
what does it break down & for what? |
fatty acids are broken down
The ATP it makes is used to build reservation Glycogen, ATP & CP |
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What happens during mod activity?
what does it break down & for what? |
breaks down Glucose & ATP
the ATP it makes is used to power contraction |
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what happens during heavy
what does it break down & why? |
ATP is made thru glycolysis with lactic acid as by-product
((((mitochondria only provide 1/3 of ATP consumed)))) |
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what is Creatine phosphate (CP)?
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storage mol for ATP in resting mus
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what Energy recharges ADP to ATP?
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CPK
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Clostridium Botulinum produces neurotoxin botulin.. what does this toxin prevent?
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release of ACh from motor nerve
fibers so skel mus cant contract |
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Neostigmine produces Parasympathomimetic
what does this prevent? |
makes ACh accumulate by stopping AChE release
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which disease has too few ACh?
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MG
My asthenia gravis ((autoimmune disorder) |
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Muscular Hypertrophy increases the size of?
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muscle fibers
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what is MD
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muscle cells die & get replaced by fat & CT.
muscles deteriorate |
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most common type of MD?
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duch
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With prolonged inactivity ___ ____ may replace muscle fibers
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fibrous tissue
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NMJ is the location of?
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neural stimulation
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which muscle "trophy" is this:
Lack of muscle activity;;; Reduces muscle size, tone, and power |
Atrophy
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Output compression
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Compression after volume control. As the volume control increases, the compression threshold decreases and the maximum output stays the same.
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hemoglobin
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transport O2 & CO2 in blood
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myogobin
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muscle cell stores o2, make muscles red
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Isotonic contraction?
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length moves &cause motion
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isometric contraction? has ____ but ____ stays same
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has tension but length stays same
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type of tension that has greatest magnitude response?
(type of shot that hurts the most) |
tetanus
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if mus tension is greater than load? ((((has special name)
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concentric contraction
mus shortens |
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if mus tension is less than load?((has special name)
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eccentric contraction
mus lengthens |
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which tension type gives firmness?
tony tone tone |
tonus ((tony-tone-tone)
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Sustained contraction. 3 characteristics
**think of passing potan in race) |
1. Asynchronous Summation
2. let motor unites rest 3. rotating basis |
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multiple motor unit Summation
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group of muscles give smooth movement ;;; slow increase size or # stimulated
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3 phases of Twitch
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1. latent 2 contraction 3relax
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what happens in each phase?
AP----grandmothers house we go |
**Lantent;; AP moves thru sacromere & trigger Calci release
*Contraction=cali binds to troponin;;;;cross bridge form; tension peak *Relaxation= tension fall-calci drop,, Active sites covered |
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Fascicle Arrangement
uni |
Fibers on one side of tendon
Ex: extensor digitorum (top of forearm) |
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Fascicle Arrangement
bi |
Fibers on both sides of tendon
Ex: rectus femoris (top of quadriceps) |
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Fascicle Arrangement
multi |
Tendon branches within muscle
Ex: deltoid (shoulder) |
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Fascicle Arrangement
pennate |
Form an angle with the tendon
more tension/myofibrils than parra BUT DONT MOVE FURTHER |
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function of level
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direct/strength of applied force
& dist/speed of AF |
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def of orgins
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fixed point of attachment
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def of insertion
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moving point of attachment
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longus
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long
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parallel muscles
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Fascicles parallel to the long axis of muscle
ex/ biceps brachii |
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lever
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each bone is mechanically a level
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Longissimus
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longEST
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teres
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long & round
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Brevis
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short
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magnus
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large
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major
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largER
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Maximus
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largEST
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minor
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small
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minimus
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smallEST
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Extrinsic/ Intrinsic Muscles
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ex=Muscles outside an organ
IN=Muscles inside an organ |
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location
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identifies body region
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Rectus
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straight
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transverse
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situated or lying across
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oblique
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angle (NOT PARRA orPERPEN)
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first part of name indicated ______ & second part indicated _____
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1st= origin
2nd=insertion |
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correct name of muscle include name of musc except
(dont need to memorize just famil) |
Platysma
Diaphragm |
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Anatagnost
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opp movement of particular agonist
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agonist
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produce partic movement
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synergist
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small mus assists big agonist
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mus work in opposites. when 1 contracts the other ____
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stretches
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1st class lever
give function & example what is happening btwn force & load |
see-saw
CF is btwn AF & load force & load are balanced |
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first class body movement
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nod head
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2nd class lever
ex given |
wheel barrel
A small force moves a large weight The load is centered between AF and F |
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2nd class body movement example
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getting on tippy toes
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3rd class lever (most common)
ex/given |
Center the AF between load and fulcrum
Greater force moves smaller resistance |
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____Maximizes speed and distance traveled
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3rd lever
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ex/ body movement 3rd lever
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flexation of arm at elbow
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____ is Required to overcome load (L) or resistance
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applied force (AF)
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fulcrum (F)
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fixed point
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Circular Muscles aka
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sphincters
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____ open & close to guard entrances of body
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circular muscles
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Convergent Muscles
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A broad area converges on attachment site;; mus fibers pull in diff directions
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