Study Guide 3: Skeletal System - Vocabulary

Front 1

found in SHAFTS of long bones and OUTSIDE of flat bones

Back 1

Compact Bone

Front 2

Found in ENDS of bones and INSIDE of flat bones

Back 2

Spongy Bone

Front 3

Dense bone made up of microscopic units called HAVERSIAN systems

Back 3

Compact Bone

Front 4

Interlacing plates of bone tissue called TUBERCULAE with spaces between spaces are filled with RED BONE MARROW

Back 4

Spongy Bone

Front 5

Process by which either dense connective tissue or hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone tissue

Back 5

Ossification

Front 6

Part of the skeleton 's first forms of HYALINE cartilage and replaced by bone tissue then cartilage bone

Ex: Long bones and short bones

Back 6

Endochondral bone formation

Front 7

part of the skeleton is first formed of DENSE connective tissue and then membrane bones

Ex: bones of the cranium, face and clavicle

Back 7

Intramembranous bone formation

Front 8

Ossification begins in the MIDDLE of the shaft (diaphysis)

Back 8

Primary center ossification

Front 9

INTRAmembranous Bone Fromation starts at about the _____________ of development.

Back 9

eighth week of development

Front 10

Process of ENDOchondral bone formation begins at about the _________________ of embryonic and fetal development.

Back 10

third month of development

Front 11

List 5 functions of the Skeletal System.

Hint: BCPMS

Back 11

Blood Cell Formation
Calcium Storage
Protection
Movement
Support

Front 12

GROWTH in diameter or thickness

Back 12

Appositional Growth

Front 13

Bones grow in diameter by the combined actions of these 2 kinds of cells.

Back 13

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

Front 14

The ________________ ENLARGE the MEDULLARY cavity by eroding away the bone of its walls

Back 14

Osteoclasts

Front 15

The ______________ in the INNER layer of te PERIOSTEUM build new bone around the outside of the bone.

Back 15

Osteoblasts

Front 16

a PROJECTION or promenance from the surface of a bone.

Back 16

Process

Front 17

a ROUNDED projection at the END of a bone where it articulates with another bone.

Back 17

Condyle

Front 18

a SMALL PROJECTION located on or ABOVE a condyle.

Back 18

Epicondyle

Front 19

a LARGE BLUNT process.

Back 19

Trochanter

Front 20

a SMALL ROUND process.

Back 20

Tubercle

Front 21

a BROAD process larger than a tubercle.

Back 21

Tuberosity

Front 22

Trochanters, tubercles, and tuberosities are sites of attachment for ________ and _________.

Back 22

tendons and ligaments.

Front 23

A DEPRESSION in the surface of a bone – often used as an articular surface.

Back 23

Fossa

Front 24

a HOLE through a bone which blood vessels and nerves pass.

Back 24

Foramen

Front 25

a slender POINTED projection.

Back 25

Spine

Front 26

a MUCOUS membrane lined, air filled cavity inside certain certain cranial bones.

Back 26

Sinus

Front 27

the LARGE END of the bone – often set off from the shaft by a constriction

Back 27

Head

Front 28

the EXTERNAL opening of a canal.

Back 28

Meatus

Front 29

forms the long AXIS of the body – includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Back 29

Axial skeleton

Front 30

consists of the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper APPENDAGES and the bones of the pelvic girdle and the lower appendages.

Back 30

Appendicular skeleton

Front 31

where two or more bones come TOGETHER

Back 31

Articulation or joint

Front 32

Number of Vertebrae and bones forming the vertebral column

Back 32

33 Vertebraes
26 Bones

Front 33

5 Types of Vertebrae and number of each

Back 33

1. Cervical - 7
2. Thoracic - 12
3. Lumbar - 5
4. Sacrum- 1 (5 fused together)5. Coccyx -1 (4 fused together)

Front 34

Functions of the Verterbral Column

Back 34

Supports, Houses, and Protects the Spinal Cord

Front 35

what lacks the transverse foramen and the spinous processes are long, pointed, and project downward.

Back 35

Thoracic

Front 36

all have a transverse foramen which is a hole in the transverse processes for passage of the vertebral artery.

Back 36

Cervical

Front 37

in addition to the transverse processes it looks like a "round ring" with little or no centrum.

Back 37

Atlas

Front 38

in addition to the transverse process it has an upward projecting peg called the odontoid process.

Back 38

Axis

Front 39

lack the transverse foramen and the spinous processes are short and blunt that is they are "axe-shape".

Back 39

Lumbar

Front 40

pads of fibrocartilage between vertebrae and functioning as shock absorbers.

Back 40

Intervetebral discs

Front 41

2 primary Curvatures:

CONCAVE anteriorly and PRESENT at birth

Back 41

Thoracic and Sacral

Front 42

2 secondary Curvatures: (C&L)

CONVEX anteriorly and develop AFTER birth

Back 42

Cervical and Lumbar

Front 43

hyaline cartilage that attaches the ribs to sternum

Back 43

Costal Cartilages

Front 44

ALL 12 pairs of ribs are attached posteriorly to thoracic verterbrae

Back 44

Posterior attachment

Front 45

Ribs attached anteriorly

Back 45

Anterior attachment

Front 46

Rib pairs 1 through 7 - attached directly to sternum by costal cartilages.

Back 46

True Ribs

Front 47

Ribs 8, 9, & 10 are attached to rib 7 therefore indirectly attached to the sternum.

Back 47

Vertebral Chondral

Front 48

Ribs 11 & 12 have NO anterior attachment

Back 48

Floating ribs

Front 49

List 4 ways of distinguishing the female pelvis from the male pelvis

Back 49

1. In females, the pelvic is WIDER and SHALLOWER.
2. In females, the sacrum is WIDER but SHORTER.
3. The coccyx is freely movely.
4. Pubic arch is greater than 90 degrees.

Front 50

Joints have 2 fundamental functions:

Back 50

1. Hold the skeleton together.
2. Give the skeleton mobility.

Front 51

Describe a joint or articulations.

Back 51

They are sites where 2 or bones meet.

Front 52

Describe the 2 ways joints are classified.

Back 52

1. Structurally
This is based on the material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present.

2. Functionally
This is based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint.

Front 53

On the basis of structure there are 3 joints. Name them.

Hint: FCS

Back 53

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

Front 54

On the basis of function there are 3 types of joints:

Hint: SAD

Back 54

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

Front 55

which are IMMOVABLE joints.

Back 55

Synarthroses

Front 56

FREELY moveable joints.

Back 56

Diarthroses

Front 57

SLIGHTLY moveable joints.

Back 57

Amphiarthroses

Front 58

Which type of structural joints is described:

The joints are held together by FIBROUS TISSUE such as dense connective tissue and there is no joint cavity.

2. Most are SYNARTHROSES (immoveable) but a FEW are AMPIARTHROSES {slightly moveable}.

Back 58

Fibrous Joints

Front 59

Which type of structural joints is described:

The bones are held together by CARTILAGE and there is no joint cavity.

Some are SYNARTHROSES{immoveable } and SOME are AMPIARTHROSES (slightly moveable}.

Back 59

Cartilaginous Joints

Front 60

Joints where the articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity -- SEVERAL types of tissues are associated with these joints--

Back 60

Synovial joints

Front 61

Describe the 3 types of fibrous joints :

HINT: SSG

Back 61

Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

Front 62

occurs only BETWEEN SKULL BONES - the junction between the bones is filled by very short connective tissue fibers-- these joints are immoveable -- during adulthood the fibrous tissue becomes ossified and the skull bones fuse into a single unit-- these joints are then called synostoses.

Back 62

Sutures

Front 63

the bones are connected by a CORD OR SHEET of fibrous tissue called a ligament or interosseous membrane– the connective fibers holding the bones together are longer-- some of these joints are immoveable and some are slightly moveable--

an example is the distal tibiofibular joint.

Back 63

Syndesmosis

Front 64

occurs only at the ARTICULATION of a TOOTH with its socket-- the tooth is connected to the socket by a fibrous connection called the PERIDONTAL LIGAMENT-- these joints are immoveable.

Back 64

Gomphosis

Front 65

Describe the 2 types of cartilaginous joints:

Back 65

Synchondrosis
Symphysis

Front 66

a BAR or PLATE of hyaline cartilage holds the bones together-- they are immoveable--

examples: epiphyseal plates are tempory;costal cartilages are permanent.

Back 66

Synchondrosis

Front 67

a PAD or plate of fibrocartilage holds the bones together { the articular surfaces of the bone are covered with articular cartilage}-- they are slightly moveable since the fibrocartilage is resilient and compressible- examples: intervertebral discs and pubis symphysis.

Back 67

Symphysis

Front 68

Are fibrous joints Diarthroses?

Back 68

NO they are EITHER synarthroses OR ampiarthroses

Front 69

Are synovial joints Diarthroses?

Back 69

YES

Front 70

glossy smooth hyaline CARTILAGE covering the ARTICULAR surfaces of the bones at the joint-- act as shock absorbers keeping bone ends from being crushed.

Back 70

Articular Cartilage

Front 71

extends from the margin of one ARTICULAR CArtilage to the margin of the other--

it' s a doubled layered structure: outer layer-- made uP of denSe connective tissUe which is continuous with the periostea of the bones. inner LayEr-- made up of loose connective tissue called the synovial membrane– it secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity.

Back 71

Articular Capsule

Front 72

formed by the ARTICULAR capsule -- FILLED with synovial fluid.

Back 72

Joint Cavity

Front 73

SECRETED by synovial membrane– a LUBRICANT that reduces friction in the joint -- also nourishes the articular cartilage-- also contains phagocytic cells that rid the joint cavity of microbes and cellular debris resulting from wear and tear of the joints.

Back 73

Synovial Fluid

Front 74

most synovial joints are REINFORCED and strengthened by LIGAMENTS

Back 74

Reinforcing Ligaments

Front 75

5 distinguishing features of synovial joints:

Hint: AC-AC-JC-SF-RL

Back 75

Articular Cartilage
Articular Capsule
Joint Cavity
Synovial Fluid
Reinforcing Ligaments

Front 76

FLATTENED fibrous sacs lined with a synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid– they are common in sites where ligaments, muscles, skin, or tendons overlie and rub against bones--

Back 76

Bursae

example: a bunion is a bursae at the base of the big toe which is swollen from rubbing usually by a tight fitting shoe

Front 77

an ELONGATED bursae that WRAPS completely around a tendon subjected to friction-- " like a bun around a hot dog ".

Back 77

Tendon Sheath

Front 78

Are synovial joints Diarthroses?

Back 78

YES, All of these joints are freely moveable {diarthroses}-- the joint cavity is designed to allow freedom of movement.

Front 79

Movements allowed by synovial joints:

Hint: APMS

Back 79

Axes, Planes of Space, and Planes of Movement

Front 80

AROUND which the body part moves

Back 80

Axes

Front 81

ALONG which the movement occurs

Back 81

planes of space

Front 82

3 planes of movement

Hint: TFS

Back 82

transverse, frontal, and Sagittal.

Front 83

Terms used to describe these movements:

Range of Motion:

NUBM

Back 83

Non-Axial
Uni-Axial
Bi-Axial
Multi-Axial

Front 84

movement in all 3 planes or about 3 axes.

Back 84

Multiaxial

Front 85

movement in 2 planes or about 2 axes.

Back 85

Biaxial

Front 86

movement in 1 plane or about 1 axis.

Back 86

Uniaxial

Front 87

there is NO AXIS around which movement can occur -- only slipping movements can occur.

Back 87

Nonaxial

Front 88

3 general types of MOVEMENT:

Hint: GAR

Back 88

Gliding
Angular
Rotation

Front 89

1 flat or nearly flat bone surface GLIDES or slips over another similar surface--these are the simplest types of joint movements--

examples: intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

Back 89

Gliding

Front 90

increases or decreases the ANGLE between 2 bones --

they may occur along any plane of the body -- these movements include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

Back 90

Angular

Front 91

the TURNING of a bone around its own long axis --

examples: the only movement allowed between the first 2 cervical vertebrae also the rotation of the arm and leg -- medial rotation-- rotation towards the median plane of the body -- lateral rotation -- rotation away from the median plane of the body.

Back 91

Rotation

Front 92

List the 5 ANGULAR movements:

Hint: FED&PAA

Back 92

Flexion
Extension
Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion of foot
Abduction
Adduction

Front 93

a bending movement that DECREASES the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together -- usually occurs along the sagittal plane--

examples: bending head forward on chest and the arm is flexed at shoulder when it is lifted in an anterior direction.

Back 93

Flexion

Front 94

movement that INCREASES the angle between articulating bones -- opposite of flexion --

examples: straightening a flexed head, elbow, or knee.

Back 94

Extension

Front 95

flexion and extension are not appropriate for describing the up and down movements of the foot at the ankle joint since both movements decrease the angle so technically are flexion

Back 95

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot

Front 96

DEPRESSING the foot

Back 96

Plantar Flexion

Front 97

LIFTING the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin.

Back 97

Dorsiflexion

Front 98

movement of a limb AWAY midline or median plane of the body, along the frontal plane --

examples: raising the arm or thigh laterally -- when used to
indicate the movement of fingers or toes it means spreading them apart-- the midpoint reference point is the longest digit.

Back 98

Abduction

Front 99

movement of a limb TOWARD the MIDLINE or median plane of the body or in the case of digits toward the midline of the hand or foot -- opposite of abduction --moving the arm or thigh medially.

Back 99

Adduction

Front 100

moving of a limb so it describes a CONE in space-- the distal end of the limb moves in a CIRCLE while the shoulder or hip remain more or less stationary.

Back 100

Circumduction

Front 101

" TURNING BACKWARDS " -- rotating the forearm laterally so the palm faces anteriorly --

rt. hand uses this to drive a screw.

Back 101

Supination


Supination is usually a strongly movement than pronation.

Front 102

Both supination and pronation refer to movements of _________ around the ______.

Back 102

radius around the ulna.

Front 103

" TURNING FORWARD" -- rotating the forearm medially so the palm faces posteriorly –

rt. hand uses to remove a screw.

Back 103

Pronation

Front 104

Inversion and eversion are special movements of the ______.

Back 104

foot.

Front 105

sole of FOOT turns LATERALLY

Back 105

Eversion

Front 106

sole of foot turns MEDIALLY

Back 106

Inversion

Front 107

lifting or moving a body part SUPERIORLY along a FRONTAL plane --

examples: elevating the mandible during chewing; elevating the scapulae while shrugging.

Back 107

Elevation

Front 108

lifting or moving a body part INFERIORLY --

examples: lowering the mandible; lowering the scapulae.

Back 108

Depression

Front 109

occurs only at the saddle joint between metacarpal 1 and carpals--allows one to touch thumb to tips of fingers on same hand -- this movement makes the human hand a fine tool for grasping and manipulating objects.

Back 109

Opposition

Front 110

Describe the following types of synovial joints:

Hint:B&S, CHPPS

Back 110

Ball & Socket joints
Condyloid joints
Hinge Joints
Pivot Joints
Plane Joints
Saddle Joints

Front 111

they are GLIDING joints -- the articular surfaces are flat and they allow only short slipping or gliding movements --

examples: intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

Back 111

Plane joints

Front 112

a UNIAXIAL joint that only allows FLEXION and EXTENSION at a transverse axis or in sagittal plane --

examples: elbow and knee.

Back 112

Hinge joints

Front 113

the only movement allowed is the ROTATION of 1 bone around its long AXIS or against the other --

examples: the joint between the atlas and the odontoid process of the axis allowing the movement of the head from side to side; proximal radioulnar joint.

Back 113

Pivot joints

Front 114

BIAXIAL joints that allow ALL ANGULAR movements, that is, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction – Examples: radiocarpal joints {wrist} and metacarpaophangeal joints.

Back 114

Condyloid joints

Front 115

resemble condyloid joints -- each articular surface has CONCAVE and CONVEX areas, that is, they are SADDLE shaped -- articular surfaces fit together; concave to convex surfaces --

most clear examples are the
carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs.

Back 115

Saddle joints

Front 116

MULTIAXIAL joints that allow movement in all 3 planes or about 3 axes -- most freely moving of the synovial joints --

examples: shoulder and hip.

Back 116

Ball - and - Socket joints

Front 117

Explain what is unique or important about the following joints:

Temporo- mandibular joint --

Back 117

Temporo- mandibular joint -- only synovial joint in the skull.

Front 118

Explain what is unique or important about the following joints:

Sacroiliac joint

Back 118

Sacroiliac joint -- partly a fibrous joint and partly a synovial – there is a small synovial cavity enclosing a part of the joint -- rest of joint held firmly by dense connective tissue.

Front 119

Explain what is unique or important about the following joints:

Shoulder joint{Glenohumeral }

Back 119

Shoulder joint{Glenohumeral } -- not a very secure ball- and - socket joint because the glenoid fossa is a shallow socket -- stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely joint in the body.

Front 120

Explain what is unique or important about the following joints:

Hip joint { Coxal }--

Back 120

Hip joint { Coxal }-- a secure ball-and-socket joint because the acetabulum is a deep socket -- less movement but more stable.

Front 121

Explain what is unique or important about the following joints:

Knee joint --

Back 121

Knee joint -- the largest and most complex joint in the body -- it allows flexion, extension, and some rotation -- despite its single joint cavity it is 3 joints in one: the femoropatellar joint and the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints -- of all of the joints the knee is the most susceptible to sports
injury because of their high reliance on nonarticular factors for stability and they bear the bulk of the body weight -- it can absorb a vertical blow of 7 times the body weight but or very vulnerable to horizontal blows and
twisting.

Front 122

spinal condition where the THORACIC curvature is exaggerated -- results in hunchback condition.

Back 122

Kyphosis

Front 123

Name 3 Disorders or diseases related to the skeletal system in the Vertebral Column.

Back 123

Kyphosis, Lordosis and Scoliosis

Front 124

spinal condition where the LUMBAR curvature is exaggerated -- results in swayback condition.

Back 124

Lordosis

Front 125

spinal condition caused by a LATERAL curvature of spinal column.

Back 125

Scoliosis

Front 126

INFLAMMATION of a joint or joints-- describes over a 100 different types of degenerative or inflammatory diseases that damage the joints.

Back 126

Arthritis

Front 127

4 types of Arthritis:

Hint: BROG

Back 127

Bursitis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
OsteoArthritis
Gout

Front 128

MOST COMMON type of arthritis -- a chronic inflammation that causes the articular cartilage in the affected joint to gradually degenerate -- "enzyme theory ".

Back 128

Osteoarthritis

Front 129

MOST SEVERE type of arthritis -- cause: the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and produces an abnormal tissue called pannus -- the pannus grows over the articular cartilage and gradually destroys it -- an autoimmune disease.

Back 129

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Front 130

an inflammation of a BURSA -- usually caused by excessive stress or friction --

for example falling on one's knee may cause bursitis of the prepatellar bursa .

Back 130

Bursitis

Ex: Tennis elbow

Front 131

caused by excessive levels of URIC ACID which deposits urate crystals in the soft tissues of joints -- more common in males than females because male have higher evels of uric acid .

Back 131

Gout

Front 132

2 types of Fractures of bones

Back 132

Simple and Compound

Front 133

the broken ends of the bone DO NOT PENETRATE the skin.

Back 133

Simple fracture

Front 134

the broken ends of the bone PROTUDE through the skin -- more difficult to treat because of bone marrow infection.

Back 134

Compound fracture

Front 135

Describe how fractures are healed.

Fractures undergo a series of changes during the healing process -- these occur in 3 steps:

Hint: PFB

Back 135

1.Formation of procallus.

2.Formation of fibrocartilaginous callus.

3.Formation of bony callus.