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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Grubb (1999) Honored but Invisible
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Standardized testing - do not take in isolation
Remedial ed - work into schedule Course curriculum - applied in content learning Education should be personalized |
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Roueches' (1994) Those who tempt fate....
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Standardized testing - academics not the only thing (socioeconomic)
Remedial ed - do all up front Curriculum - not personalized no motivation |
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Cohen & Brawer Fundamental Question
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Does the community college succeed in democratizing higher education?
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Dougherty Fundamental Question
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Is the community college a gateway of opportunity for disadvantaged students or is it a blind alley?
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Critics - How should CC change?
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Raise student awareness (Zwerling)
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Critics - How should CC change?
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Convert 2 yr to 4 yr (Dougherty)
Equate funding 2 yr & 4 yr (Astin) Focus on vocational ed (Clowes & Levin) Abandon open access (Eaton) Focus on individual not group (Cohen & Brawer, Adelman) Accept the allocative function and focus on learning (Cohen & Brawer) |
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The Truman Report (1947)
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The President's Commission on Higher Education
George Zook |
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Reasons Americans seeking higher education
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Science and technology
Diversity within America Aftermath of war Atomic age - good vs evil |
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Truman Report (1947)
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Education for a better nation
Democracy International Understanding Social improvement |
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Truman Report (1947)
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Education for All
Economic barriers Race and religious barriers Regional variations Restricted curriculum |
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Truman Report (1947)
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Equalizing Opportunity
Need for General Education Interrelationship between gen ed and vocational ed Education Adjusted to Needs - CC |
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Jess Bogue
The Community College (1950) Bogue's Issues |
Consistent organization
Local vs state control gen ed integrated with voc ed Find the right teachers Student guidance Funding |
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The G.I. Bill of 1944
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Wanted to keep many war veterans out of the labor market.
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1930's - Factors impeding growth of CC
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conservatism
excessive and inefficiency in K-12 opposition to taxes for post sec ed state teachers college opposed U of I considering extension centers |
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Early factors supporting CC
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HS Superintendents
Press, industry and business U of I and ISBE Post WWII and GI Bill |
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1960's Voc Ed Act of 1963
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provided funding to expand curriculum beyond transfer
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Junior College Act (1965)
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state funding for building CC campuses
establish CC district through out state JC Board established JC part of higher ed |
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What slowed development of JC?
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fiscal consesrvatism
lacck of champion in Springfield perpetual funding problems uncertin focus and "product" |
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JC began to flourish why?
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JCs now part of higher education to accredit nursing program
commitment of feds to adult & voc ed other institutions of higher ed flourished, JC no threat |
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Truman Report ( 1947)
Objectives of General Education 1 |
develop code of behavior
participate as informed responsible citizen recognize diversity/internat'l peace apply scientific thought to problems understand ideas of others and express own |
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Truman Report ( 1947)
Objectives of General Education 2 |
attain emotiona and social adjustment
maintain & improve health enjoy art lit music culture knowledge and attitudes for family life choose socially & personally satisfying vocation critical & constructive thinking |
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Barbara Townsend
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Transfer Issues
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Cohen and Brawer (2003)
Summary of Criticisms 1 |
empahisize voc ed
social & economic stratification limit upward mobility (race,gender,workingclass) remedial ed not rigorous diminished access & opportunity doesn't meet ed goals |
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Cohen and Brawer (2003)
Summary of Criticisms 2 |
doesn't ensure transfer
doesn't ensure graduation doesn't purport economic benefits doesn't emphasize degree completion or transfer not a clear pathway from HS to CC to 4 yr |
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Deegan & Tillery (1985)
Generations of the CC 1 |
Generation 1 - before 1930 grades 13 & 14 in HS
Generation 2 - 1930-1950 JC break away from HS slow growth emphasis on gen ed voc ed & student services |
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Deegan & Tillery (1985)
Generations of the CC 2 |
Generation 3 - 1950-1970
JC --> CC b y Truman Report states develop CC system dramatic growth open door policy Generation 4 - Comprehensive CC 1970 - mid 1980 broaden mission comm service & non credit prog non traditional deliver voc tech programs |
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Deegan & Tillery (1985)
Generations of the CC 3 |
Generation 5 Present
major role in UG education increasing minority students emphasis on remedial ed emphasis on voc tech ed renewed partnership with HS |
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Patricia Cross (1985)
Mission & Priorities for 5th Generation CC 1 |
Comprehensive
Vertical Horizontal Integrated Remedial |
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Patricia Cross (1985)
Mission & Priorities for 5th Generation CC 2 |
Comprehensive Focus
career education remedial ed community ed liberal arts general ed |
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Patricia Cross (1985)
Mission & Priorities for 5th Generation CC 3 |
Vertical Focus
transfer function relationship with HS articulation with 4 yr college liberal arts, transfer counseling, stress retention most prestigious |
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Patricia Cross (1985)
Mission & Priorities for 5th Generation CC 4 |
Horizontal Focus
relationship with business/industry advocate improve local comm vision of CC hub of all educ growth of adult and non trad learners |
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Patricia Cross (1985)
Mission & Priorities for 5th Generation CC 5 |
Integrated Focus
linkages within college lib arts multidisciplinary courses lifelong learners |
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Patricia Cross (1985)
Mission & Priorities for 5th Generation CC 6 |
Remedial Focus
CC playing role in youth problem job pre, apprenticeships, guidance improve academic programs |
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Changing attitudes towards JC.
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Universities got funding for building. Gave sense of permanence and importance.
Vets went to JC. No competition. Teacher's college became universities.(1960s) |
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1910 Carnegie Commission
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credit hour developed as a result of the industrial economy
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1960s Truman Report translated into legislation
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Why did it take so long? Too visionary and racial issues had an impact.
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Cohen and Brawer (2003)
Definition of vocational. |
agriculture, trades, sales;
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Cohen and Brawer (2003)
Definition of semiprofessional. |
engineering techs, general assistants, lab techs, others in manufacturing, business, and service occupations
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Cohen and Brawer (2003)
Definition of technical. |
prep for work in scientific and industrial fields
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Cohen and Brawer (2003)
Definition of occupational. |
most encompassing; all curricula leading to employment
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Cohen and Brawer (2003)
Definition of career education. |
1950s; lower school. efforts of orienting oung people toward workplace
1970s; programs focus on career devvelopment. 1990; School to Work |
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Smith-Hughes Act of 1917
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funded secondary ag, trade and industry and home ec programs
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Vocational Ed Act of 1963
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supported occup prep below BA level
serve all students - academically, socio-econ and physically disadvantaged. |
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Vocational Ed Act of 1998
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expand fed govt's role
increase support postsecond tech programs bus, health & engineering emphasis on youth unemployement curriculum articulation efforts professional development |
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Carl Perkins Voc and Applied Technology Act of 1984
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Educ/training for gender sterotyping and spec needs
links between secondary and post sec tech prep accountability & student outcomes |
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Carl Perkins Voc and Applied Technology Act Amendments of 1990 (Perkins II)
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increase academics with skills training
fund disadvantaged students integrate academic/vocational accountability academic achievement tech prep and New American High Schools (largest funding) |
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Carl Perkins Voc and Applied Technology Act of 1990
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continued emphasis of 1990 prioritites
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The Total Community College Curriculum (Cohen & Ignash, 1992 1
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Increase in ESL
transfer rate higher if school has more liberal arts courses urban college higher % of remedial courses larger colleges higher % of specialized lib arts classes |
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The Total Community College Curriculum (Cohen & Ignash, 1992 2
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college w/higher minority offer more lib arts
non-liberal arts classes can transfer equally as well |
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Townsend and Dever (1999)
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Reverse Transfer Students
Undergraduate reverse transfer Post baccalaureate reverse transfer |
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McGrath and Spear (1991)
The Remedialization of the Community College 1 |
rigorous coursework at periphery
transfer track duplicates university curriculum difficult to define academic rigor articulation agreements allow academics to fall academic culture lowered to meet students |
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McGrath and Spear (1991)
The Remedialization of the Community College 2 |
Recommend for remedial ed
require for students who need it segregate remedial ed students define entrance requirements if remedial limit # courses provide noncredit prep courses |
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What the Collegiate Community College Means (Eaton, 1994) 1
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Choose a vision (gleazer, parnell L& cohen/brawer)
redefine students' intellect opportunity reduce ambiguitly about mission restricting access develop college prep exp outside of cc |
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What the Collegiate Community College Means (Eaton, 1994) 2
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examine relationships to other levels of ed
build college exp for nontraditional students learn from the critics reconsider assoc degree commit to teaching/learning research/scholarship |
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Early Purpose of CC
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Fill gap between elem & university
Create effic orderly sys. Provide Gen Ed Create select method for universities Replace poor quality small 4 yr colleges |
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Philosophies (1920-1945)
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Efficiency
Aptitude testing Social/economic stratification Democratization with voc ed |
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Leaders of the Formative Period
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William Rainey Harper
David Starr Jordan Alexis F. Lange |
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Early Trend Data
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1901 - Joliet Juniro College
1910 - 3 public junior colleges 1921-1922 - 70 public junior college and 137 private junior colleges |
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Harper's Reasons for the 2 yr colleges
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Do lower work more thoroughly
Become an honest institution Students can stop honorably at 2 yrs Students can remain at home Students are forced to the university |
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John Dewey - Leader of the Progressive Education Movement
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Concern about social stability
wanted ed to build a social system based on democracy Mold Children's minds |
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Alexis Lange
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Higher ed for more people andits relationship to university education
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Early Philosophies
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Progressivism - distriubtive purpose of ed
Social Efficiency German model of ed Elitism = poverty is self-inflicted Scientific method |
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William Chandler Bagley UIUC
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Critic of progressive ed & JC
JC a way to control crime segregation |
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Alexis F. Lange
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Advocated social efficiency
Closely aligned with Harper and Jordan Argued for voc ed 1918 |
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Progressivism
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Social control
Immigration: social burden and threat to whites Fear of power of masses |
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David Starr Jordan
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Advocated elitism
President of Stanford |
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Cardinal Principles of Sec. Ed (1918)
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part of high school
prep and vocational ed Smith Hughes 1917 - vocational ed in high schools |
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1920 Founding of AAJC
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Mutual support
Shared interest & identity Take a defensive position Create common voice & org |
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Periods of CC Development in 20th Century
Brint and Karabel, Diverted Dream (1989) |
1900 - 1920: Formative Period
1920 - 1945: Developmental Period 1945 - 1970: Take Off 1970 - Today: Great Transformation |
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Deegan & Tillery - Generations of CC
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1900 - 1930: Generation 1 (extension of HS)
1930 - 1945: Generation 2 (Junior College) 1945 - 1970: CC 1970 - current: Comprehensive CC |
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Leaders of the 1920s thru 1940s
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Leonard Koos
Walter Crosby Eells Doak S. Campbell |
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Factors Influencing Early Growth of 2 yr Colleges
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Increase in demand for HS & beyond
University sponsored & advoc Continuation of Sec ed Lack of other options Support for voc ed curric |
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What significant events occurred in the 20th century to encourage community colleges (1920-1940)
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1929: Depression
1932: Commission of Seven 1939: Commision on Terminal Education Student intent on transfer |
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Leonard Koos
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Committed to 6-4-4 Plan
(K-6, 7-10, 11-14) Koos would like dual credit Preparation for semi-prof Capstone of sec ed Social influence of CC and educate the masses |
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Walter Crosby Eells
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Advocated 6-3-3-2
(K-6, 7-9, 10-12, JC) Eells would not like dual credit Assoc with higher ed 1929 National Commission report said increase transfer, Eells didn't like this He was elitist |
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Four Functions of CC
Eells |
1. Popularizing fxn: educate masses
2. Preparatory fxn: prepare for transfer 3. Terminal fxn: Voc ed 4. Guidance fxn: testing and counseling student services |
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1932: Carnegie Report on Public Higher Education in CA
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Commission of Seven
Teacher's colleges became 4 yr institutions Legitimized CC Communit college - comm ed for general civilized life Calledthe California Model |
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Doak S. Campbell
Campbell's two conditions for the democratizing mission |
1. must be available to all perosn, alike, supposedly upon equal terms
2. must provide trianing suitable to the needs of those it serves |
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Ideals of American Education
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Lead to upward mobility
Create social efficiency Relieve social ills Enhance individual achievement Improve the economy |