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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an observational study?
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a study that
-observes the subject in the real world -there is no intervention |
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What is an experimental study?
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a study that
-does more than observe subjects -treats, vaccinates and infects subjects -in a controlled setting --may or may not be in a lab --clinical trials in feedlots |
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What are examples of observational studies?
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case report/series
cross-sectional Ecological Case Control Cohort |
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What are examples of experimental studies?
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clinical trials
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What is a prospective study?
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a study that
-looks forward in time -follows study subjects forward in time |
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What is a retrospective study?
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a study that
-looks back in time -look for characteristics or events that happen to study subject in the past |
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What are examples of prospective studies?
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Clinical trials
Prospective cohorts |
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What are examples of retrospective studies?
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case report/series
cross sectional ecological Case-control Retrospective |
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What is a descriptive test?
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no hypothesis
describes the disease and characterize the disease frequency, distribution, who it affects and seasonality |
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What is a hypothesis test?
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identify or test a hypothesis
association between exposure and disease outcome |
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What is an example of descriptive testing?
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case studies/series
some cross sectional studies |
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What are examples of Hypothesis testing?
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ecological
some cross sectional case control cohort clinical trials |
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What is the difference between case reports and case series studies?
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both describe
reports are about one animal series are about a small number of serveral animals both: -document the first notice of a new disease -describe a unique clinical presentation -describe a novel therapeutic approach |
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What are ecological studies?
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compares characteristics of populations
-disease and exposures are measured at the population level -individuals are not studied or sampled populations can be defined -by region, country, state or city -by housing group - by time (before or after intervention) |
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What are cross sectional studies?
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study based on a sample of individuals from the population
-by random or convenience |
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What is an example of a random cross sectional study?
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a random survey of dog owners in a city to determine how many are spayed/neutered VS intact
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What is an example of a convenience cross sectional study?
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a survey of dog seen in a city to determine how many are spayed/neutered VS intact
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What are two types of cross sectional studies?
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prevalence studies
association studies |
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What is a prevalence study?
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type of cross-sectional study that
estimates the amount or the distribution of disease (where. who, seasonality) select subjects that are representative of the population and measure whether they are diseased or not |
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What is an association study?
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a type of cross sectional study that estimates an association between exposure and outcome
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What are case control studies?
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When subjects are selected based upon their disease status
cases - with the disease be studied control- without the disease subjects exposures are assesed retrospectively by reviewing animal records and survey questions -the number of cases with the exposure to the number of controls with exposure |
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What is a cohort study?
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number of individuals with something in common
subjects are selected based upon their exposure status non-exposed (controls) with no exposure the disease status of the two controls determined retrospectively or prospectively compare number of exposed with disease to the number of non exposed with disease |
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Overall what are the purposes of case studies/senses
Ecological cross sectional case control cohort and experimental studies? |
case studies/sense - 1st cases of the disease
ecological - no subjection selection cross-sectional - select from the population case-control studies - select by disease starus Cohort studies - select by exposure status Experimental studies - clinical trials = not selected subjects are randomly allocated into a group |
