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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Forester
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"The Machine Stops"
Technological Determinism machine weakens human interaction & communication no resilience/adaptability - cna't take care of themselves w/out machine machine weakens individuality & family values Machine is in control of everyone's lives but then it starts to mess up & breaks. Vashti = old lady Kuno = son |
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STS Theory
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Reject Technological Determinism/Think Co-shaping
Reject Technology as merely Material Objects/Think Sociotechnical Systems Reject Technology as Value Neutral/Think Technology as Value-laden |
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Technological Determinism
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Technology develops independently from society & in a linear fashion
Technology determines society Ex. invention of cotton gin elongated slavery Ex. Internet's availability brings democracy |
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Criticism of Technological Determinism
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Humans/society make/affect technology based on what we want
Society chooses to accept/reject technology. Technology brancehs out. Teechnology isn't independent of society b/c there are regulations, needs funding |
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What are backings for technological determinism?
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One tech is developed, it influences how we live, ex - iphone
Linear b/c need buildilng blocks Long Island Bridge - rasist b/c designed to not let buses through tech shapes & is shaped by society |
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Dangers of Tech Determ.
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removes feelign of responsibility
humans can become too dependent on tech |
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Social Construction of Technology (SCOT)
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interest groups have a stake in new tech - ex. NASA< military, gov't;
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Joy
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Robotics, nanotechnology & genetic engineering are dangerous
Ask whether we SHOULD do it not just whether we CAN do it Ex. Manhatten project - atomic weapons robotics are inevitable/natural --> technological determinism Slow down pace of technology Opposite - changes come gradually, we'll get used to them The development of unchecked technology will inevitably lead to a loss of humanity. Communication between the scientific community and society should be increased. |
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Luddite Challenge (Joy)
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Luddite (people who reject technology) Challenge - humans at mercy of machines & control of machines reserved to small group of elites
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Moore's Lawy (Joy)
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Moore's Law - predicts the exponential rate of improvement of semiconductor technology
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Fraternity (Joy)
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a fourth utopia in which individual happiness is associated with the happiness of others.
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Importance of STS
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ethics - want to be aware of what society wants/accepts
take responsibiltiy for what we make |
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Diachronic
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Looking at something & how it changes over time rather than how it works at one time
Ex. Pinsch & Biker - history of bike & how it developed as one bike to the next in order; SCOT |
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Synchronic
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how technology works (ANT)
Ex. fridge as technological system; organization/division of labor; depends on society - must have grocery stores FRIDGE = SOCIOTECHNICAL System = Synchronic *people are invovled in technology Ex. cell phone - need towers, satellites, programming, other phones to call |
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Actor Network Theory (ANT)
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network of actors - nonuman vs. human vs. nature - treat all same/equal
technical & social ex. parenting, politics actors - people developing system network changes over time also includes nature (non-human actors) ex. it's annoying when internet is down in dorms (Everything acst as a network/system) |
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Zhao
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"Humanoid Social Robots"
Humans will get meaning from their side of the conversation so doens't matter if they're talking to a robot. similar to human-human interaction people under the Eliza Effect (being tricked into believing something, forgetting humanoids are just machines) will begin to be shaped by human-humanoid interactions - forcing society to become dependent on tech. |
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Fukuyama
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"Prolongation of Life"
technological determinism b/c medicine affects politics & society be careful what you wish for longevity affects gov't power, ex. - dictators more feminized population, less war conflict b/w age groups in business - work place hierarchy older retirement ages quality vs. quantity of life |
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Johnson
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"Computer Ethics"
ARGUES AGAINST tech determ. tech determinism develops independently & linearly argument against tech determinism - tech influenced by funding, regulations, market, gov't, legal environment, cultural sensibilities tech is a social product socio-technical system; ex. - rook tech is involved in social arrangemnts - ex. - discriminating bridge adopting tech = adopting form of life tech shapes society but doesn't determine it tech must be embedded into society to have an impact |
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Bijker & Pinch
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"Social Construction of Facts and Artifacts"
DISPROVES tech determ. SCOT - social groups direct every aspect of technology b/c people design tech & decide what to adopt *multidirectional model - accounts for successes & failures; ex. bicycle society decides on uses - stages of development society has power to redefine tech 3 studies: 1. innovation - research->development->product->usage 2. history of tech - problems - descriptive historiography - don't generalize; focus more on successes then failures (this is a problem); bad - they think it's a linear path; need to study unsuccessful inventions 3. sociology of tech - work together bike - relevant social groups - users, anticyclists, women; groups define function; sport vs. transportation; speed vs. safety |
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EPOR (Empirical Programme of Relativism) (Bijker & Pinch)
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(SCOT)
3 stages - 1. open to interpretation 2. society limits flexibility 3. closure - advertise to say problem is gone; ex. - say bike is safe or redefine problem |
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Humanoid (Zhao)
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robots with humanlike characterisitcs including physical resemblences & emotional responses
3 ways human-humanoid interactions are similar to human-human interactions 1. communicate in human dialogue (text, orally, body language, facial expressions) 2. understand pronouns & use I, we, he, engaged in dialogue 3. respect social norms - polite, take turns when speaking cause people to treat humanoids like people; ex. - people are upset about shutting off robot |
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Sparrow
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"In the Hands of Machines"
Caring for old people with robots is practically & morally wrong. Selling point - they allow employees quality time with patients but really they'll just be in charge of more patients and not increase contact with them; negative - no more humans being company when change sheats elderly need social interactions, they're not just problems robots don't have feelings so they don't actually care for us - eliza effect more robots = less human interaction = less emotional connection doesn't take into count the human dignity of elderly & what they might want "deception" = eliza effect |
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Levels of Robot Helpers (Sparrow)
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1. Robo-Butlers - day to day tacks
2. menial tasks - take out trash, make bed in hospitals (not viable b/c what if it breaks) 3. moniter people whose health is at risk - same as normal except now have a "robot" in room 4. COMPANIONS - people get bored, if likelike then remove advantages of being able to turn them off/pause makes it a toy not a companion |
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Eliza Effect
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(Sparrow) - robots don't actually care for us, we just think they do; don't delude people into thinking they're cared for
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Murphy's Law (Joy)
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If something can go wrong, it will go wrong.
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Hughes (Electrification)
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"Electrification of America"
many elements go into developing a technology; need well-rounded leaders 1. Edison - inventor - Menlo Park - generate electricity in Manhattan, problem-solving, detailed economic calculation 2. Insull - manager - prez of Chicago Edison company, wanted a monopoly, started metering electricity, learned from European tech developments, diversified load - ice manufacturers; raise load factor w/ customers w/ steady need 3. Mitchell - financer - Electric Bond & Share Company - holding companies - small # of people owned lots of big companies, direct management & advice - sponsors; financial diversity |
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Hughes (Momentum)
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"Technological Momentum"
Society & tech influence each other (synthesis of SCOT & tech determ.) momentum = time dependent, longer you have tech, harder to change (shaped by social forces at first but then more so by technical forces) Ex. EBASCO (Electrical Bond & Share Company) - mature tech system - managers & employees play larger role in expanding system leading to more social system; street, workplace, home lighting - changed working & leisure hours but then Holding Company Act of 1935 = no monopolies; shaped & was shaped by society; large company, lots of momentum til Great Depression Tech Momentum - acquired skill, durability; when get bigger - systems shape society more than it is shaped by society SCOT = young system tech determ = mature system tech momentum provides flexible view shaping a system can be forced by pressure (Great Depression); ex. cars forced to be cleaner b/c "green movement" tech momentum becomes larger as system grows larger but isn't irresistible |
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Elliot
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"Energy, Society, & Environment: Tech for a Sustaniable Future"
environmental impacts - gas/global warming/pollution can ecosystem sustain high levels of ativity 3 conflicting human DOMAINS interact w/ environment - 1. consumer - want to buy tech 2. producer - use tech to make things 3. shareholder - own company stocks all costs must be shared globally environment is dependent on protection by humans - society & gov't but also able to constrain human activities; impose costs on human activities if they disturb key natural processes; nature can make human life on earth unviable if nature dies too |
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Gutmann
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"Ethics of Synthetic Biology"
written b/c creation of 1st bacterial cell w/ synthetic genome conclusion - we don't need regulation now but yes later PRUDENT VIGILANCE - ongoing review of risks, benefits, ethics as matures analyze 5 ethical principles 1. public beneficience - max public benefit, minimize public harm; ->public funding; evaluate the good vs. bad that could come from a technology 2. responsible stewardship - citizens & reps must act for betterment of all - including nature (prudent vigilance)->ethics education; humans stewards of everything else & the environment 3. intellectual freedom & responsibility - creative development & innovation & promote this but need REGULATORY PARSIMONY - use oversight to ensure justice, fairness, security, safety; promoting research - see where it goes 4. democratic deliberation - collaberative decisoin making - debate opposing view, citizen participation; endorse exchanges among scientific, religious, & civil groups; decisions don't need to be permanently binding |
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PRUDENT VIGILANCE (Gutmann)
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ongoing review of risks, benefits, ethics as matures
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REGULATORY PARSIMONY (Gutmann)
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use only as much oversight as is truly necessary to ensure justice, fairness, security, safety while pursuing public good
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Kuzma & Tanji
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"Unpacking Synthetic Biology: Identification of Oversight Policy Problems and Options"
purpose - identify problems based on security, safety, & ethics risks 1. environment (biosafety) - applications on agriculture 2. social (biosecurity) - prevent misuse; with increasing openness comes greater chance of info getting into wrong hands (terrorists) 3. economic (intellectual property) - patents, trade secrets vs. telling public/stakeholders 4. ethical issues (natural/unnatural) biobricks - standards that can be put together & ordered online environmental hazards - self-replicating emerging tech is regulating by environmental tech agencies like FDA & Dept of Ag - is this enough? intellectual property problem - whose is it? provide protection w/out stifling openness for progress biosecurity - bioterrorists biosafety - self-replicating & take over environment screen process so don't send virus to wrong person conclusion - democratic decision making - regulation - light enough to allow future development but prevent |
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GOALS (Kuzma & Tanji)
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high engineered complexity - understand & manipulate genetic code to program living cells
engineering & manufacturing standardization - biobricks - reusable component parts novel life forms systems scope to engineering - communicate to solve problems |
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Bess
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"Icarus 2.0: A Historian's Perspective on Human Biological Enhancement"
anti- tech determ. b/c its our decision not all tech change is for social good human enhancement in medicine, prosthetics, & genetics society is unprepared for dramatic change same path that makes healing possible makes enhancing possible ex. Ritalin (ADHD medicine), direct intervention of human genome, ex - GATTACA by altering one component of genes, we can't predict exactly what will happen we aren't powerless enhancements divide humankind more - discrimination; lose touch with "all humans are equal" Engel's Formulation - responsibilitly of citizens as consumers to decide how, pace, configuration, distribtion, enter our lives; educate ourselves, moniter developments, gov't regulation w/out stifling innovation needs to be stopped globally to make an impact ex. green movement was an international change |
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Vinck
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"Sociotechnical Complexity: Redesigning a Shielding Wall"
engineer must do easy technical project but it's actually hard b/c he must communicate & cooperate w/ others must coordinate b/w neighbors must know how to express ideas constraints change constantly negotiation is important |
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Anderson
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"Understanding engineering work & identity: a cross-case analysis of engineers w/in 6 firms"
looked at literature to compare engineering work, skills, constraints, & identities/values then compared in to real life by interviewing 6 firms in midwest US work - messy, problem-solving; real world - depends on what client wants & communicate more than technical skills - communication, teamwork, business skills (bridge b/w business & scientists) constraints - scientific law, time, budget, ethics, safety, culture (in reality - mostly customer constraints, not as much about budget & deadline identity - values - problem solver, team player, life long learner, motivated, trying new things |
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GATTACA Movie
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Vincent pretends he is Gerome
Social determinism - parents want their kids to be best as possible genetic alterations lead to genetic discrimination |
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Rumsfield Uncertainty Principle
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what we do not know we do not know
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pluralism (gutmann)
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more wrong answers but also more opportunity to find right answers
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