Structure & Function 2 Lab Exam 3

Front 1

the tidelike movement of air into and out of the lungs so that gases in the alveoli are contiunously changes and refreshed.

Back 1

pulmonary ventilation

Front 2

the gas exchange between the blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs

Back 2

external respiration

Front 3

exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells

Back 3

internal respiration

Front 4

what differences in structure between the right and left primary bronchi would cause an inhaled substance or object to more frequently end up in the right lung?

Back 4

the right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left.

Front 5

what are the structural differences between the right and left lungs?

Back 5

the right lung has 3 lobes and 2 fissures
the left lung has 2 lobes and 1 fissure. it also has a cardiac notch

Front 6

what is an alveolus?

Back 6

tiny balloonlike expansions along the alveolar sacs and occasionally found protruding from alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles. they are composed of a single thin layer of squamous epithelium overlying a wispy basal lamina

Front 7

what is the mechanics behind inspiration?

Back 7

the inspiratory muscles contract
the size of the thoracici cavity increases.
the intrpulmonary bolume increases lowering the air pressure inside the lungs.
air flows down pressure gradient into the lungs.

Front 8

what is the mechanics behind expiration?

Back 8

the inspiratory muscles relax
the elasic lung tissue recoil and decreases the intrathoracic and intrapulmonary pressure.
the gas flows out of the lungs bc of the change in pressure gradient.

Front 9

what muscles are involved in inspiration and expriation?

Back 9

external intercostals and diaphragm.

Front 10

what is the Bell Jar Lung Model and what parts of the body are represented by the ballons, wall of the jar, the rubber membrane, and the Y shaped tube?

Back 10

balloons: lungs
wall of jar: thorax
rubber membrane: diaphragm
Y shaped tube:

Front 11

how do you calculate the minute respiratory volume?

Back 11

MRV= TV x respirations/min

Front 12

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under restin conditions

Back 12

tidal volume

Front 13

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

Back 13

inspiratory reserve volume

Front 14

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal vilume exhalation

Back 14

expiratory reserve volume

Front 15

maximun amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration. How do you calculate this?

Back 15

vital capacity
VC= TV + IRV + ERV

Front 16

what are the kidneys the major homeostatic organs of the body?

Back 16

kidneys maintains the electrolye, acid-base, and fluid balances of the blood

Front 17

what is the driving force for the process of filtration within the renal corpuscle?

Back 17

it is a passive process

Front 18

what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus control?

Back 18

forming concentrated urine.

Front 19

what three process occur during thr formation of urine?

Back 19

filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

Front 20

where do each of the process that occur during the formation of urine take place?

Back 20

filtration: glomerulus
tubular reabsorption:tubules
tubluar secretion: tubules

Front 21

what is the scientific term for voiding or urination?

Back 21

micturition

Front 22

what can the color, turbidity and odor telly about the person eho gave the sample?

Back 22

color and turbidity: normally transparent yellow. color variations indicate the relative concentration of solutes to water in the urine.
Odor: normal-aromatic, ammonia-like odor. some drugs, vegetables, and carious disease processes alter odor.

Front 23

what would you expect to find in a urine sample fro a healthy person?

Back 23

contains ions: Na, Cl, K
nitrogenous wastes: ammonia, creatinine, urea and uric acid
foreign chemicals: drugs pesticides, food additives
suspended solids in trace amounts: bacteria, blood cells, casts

Front 24

what would indicate a disease condition?

Back 24

glucose, acetone-> diabetes mellitus
Bile-> liver disease, obsrtuction of bile ducts, hemolytic disease

Front 25

what are the normal ranges for pH and specific gravity tests?

Back 25

pH 4.6-8.0
specific gravity: 1.001-1.035

Front 26

the lower the number of the specific gravity test means what?

Back 26

the more water it has

Front 27

how do you do a sugar analysis on urine?

Back 27

2 drops water, 2 drops sample, 1 tablet of NaOH
follow the color directions

Front 28

what are gonads?

Back 28

the essential organs of reproduction

Front 29

what cells do gonads produce?

Back 29

germ cells
male: sperm
female: ova

Front 30

what is a vasectomy?

Back 30

cutting of the vas deferens to block sperm

Front 31

what is an ectipic pregnancy?

Back 31

when the fertilized egg implants anywhere other than the uterus.

Front 32

what is gametogenesis?

Back 32

process of gamete formation

Front 33

what is meiosis?

Back 33

a specialized type of nuclear dividion. occurs in the ovaries and testes during gametogenesis

Front 34

what are homologous chromosomes?

Back 34

egg and sperm chromosome that carry genes for the same traits

Front 35

what is a zygote?

Back 35

fertilized egg.

Front 36

how many ova are fromed from a single primary oocyte?

Back 36

1

Front 37

what is synapsis?

Back 37

the homologous chromosomes begin to pair so that they become closely synapsis

Front 38

what is crossing over?

Back 38

while in synapsis, that arims of adjacent homologys chromosones coil around each other forming many points of crossover

Front 39

spermatogensis produced how many sperm form one primary spermatocyte?

Back 39

4

Front 40

what is spermiogenesis?

Back 40

human sperm production