Structure And Function Of Large Biological Molecules

Front 1

1.) Carbohydrates

2.) Lipids

3.) Amino Acids+ Proteins

4.) Nucleotids + Nucleic Acid

Back 1

4 major groups of carbon compounds

Front 2

Carbohydrates

Back 2

Include both sugars and polymers of sugars

Front 3

Either Polyhydroxy Aldehydes or Ketones

Back 3

What are sugars?

Front 4

Monosaccharides

Back 4

Generally have the formula (CH2O)n

* where n= 3-7

Front 5

Sugars

Back 5

Form rings in solution

Front 6

Aldoses have a Aldehyde group and Ketoses have a Ketone group

Back 6

What groups do Aldose and Ketoses belong to?

Front 7

Dehydration Reaction

Back 7

A type of condensation reaction

Front 8

Removes a water molecule, forms a new bond between the sugar monomers and continue adding monosaccharides to form a polysaccharide

Back 8

What happens in a Dehydration reaction?

Front 9

Polysaccharides

Back 9

Large molecules formed from many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Front 10

No, but some prokaryotes and fungi can as can some animals that carry cellulose-digesting prokaryotes in their digestive tracts

Back 10

Can we digest cellulose?

Front 11

Glycosidic linkages

Back 11

What are the monomers in polysaccharides linked by?

Front 12

Starch and Glycogen

Back 12

What are the storage polysaccharides?

Front 13

Cellulose

Back 13

Example of structural polysaccharides

Front 14

Starch

Back 14

1-4 linkage of alpha glucose monomers

Front 15

Cellulose

Back 15

1-4 linkage of beta glucose monomers

Front 16

Starch

Back 16

A plant polysaccharide

Front 17

Glycogen

Back 17

An animal polysaccharide

Front 18

Glycogen

Back 18

Used in liver and muscle cells and one of the 1st sources of energy used

Front 19

Cellulose

Back 19

Made primarily by plants and one of the major components of wood

Front 20

Adds a water molecule by breaking a bond, starch can be broken down to glucose and used as energy or sources of building materials through hydrolysis--> it is the reverse of dehydration (hydro=water, lysis=splitting)

Back 20

How does Hydrolysis reaction work?

Front 21

Lipids

Back 21

-NOT a polymer

-Hydrophobic from long carbon chains

-Synthezised via a dehydration reaction

Front 22

Fats, Phospholipids, and Sterlos

Back 22

3 types of Lipids

Front 23

Cellulose, Plants produce 100 billion tons per year.

Back 23

Most abundant organic compound on earth

Front 24

Triacylglcerols, which are separated by hydrolysis

Back 24

Three fatty acids+ one glycerol

Front 25

Aldose

Back 25

what group is glucose an example of?

Front 26

Ketose

Back 26

What group is fructose an example of?

Front 27

Ester linkages, when they are synthesized from glycerol and fatty acids by a dehydration reaction.

Back 27

What are fats molecules joined by?

Front 28

Unsaturated fats

Back 28

Fats without double bonds

Front 29

1.) double bonds change shape of lipid molecules

2.) fats with double bonds are not able to pack as closely together

3.) Fats with double bonds are less likely to solidify

Back 29

Why are saturated fats different from unsaturated?

Front 30

A Dehydration reaction

Back 30

How are fats synthesized?

Front 31

A hydrolysis reaction

Back 31

How are fats broken down?

Front 32

They are structurally similar to fat but only have two fatty acids attached to glycerol.

Back 32

How do phospholipids differ from fats?

Front 33

A phosphate which is negatively charged.

Back 33

What is the third position on the phospholipid occupied by?

Front 34

Hydrophilic- phosphate

Hydrophobic- hydrocarbons

* this is what causes phospholipids to assemble into bilayers to help form the membranes

Back 34

What are phosphate groups and what are hydrocarbon chains?

Front 35

Fluid

Back 35

Are unsaturated fats fluid or viscous?

Front 36

Viscous

Back 36

Are saturated fats fluid or viscous?

Front 37

Sterols

Back 37

Lipids that typically have carbon skeletons with four fused rings

Front 38

Sterols

Back 38

Not composed of fatty acids+ glycerol but still considered a lipid because they are hydrophobic

Front 39

A sterol

Back 39

Cholesterol is an example of this

Front 40

Proteins

Back 40

Made from carboxylic acid domains (amino acids)

Front 41

1.) Amino Group

2.) Carboxylic Acid group

3.) Hydrogen

4.) A variable group, denoted as R

Back 41

Each amino acid has a central carbon with four things attached to it

Front 42

Polypeptides, resulting in peptide bond/ linkages

Back 42

What do amino acids form when they are joined together via dehydration reaction?

Front 43

Primary structure

Back 43

The amino acid sequence of the protein found from the DNA, hard to determine from this structure.

Front 44

Secondary Structure

Back 44

Coiled or folded patterns that form in segments of some proteins

-NOT the side chains

Front 45

Secondary Structure

Back 45

The result of the hydrogen bonds between the repeating parts of the polypeptide backbone

Front 46

Tertiary Structure

Back 46

Stabilized by variety of chemical bonds and have disulfide bridges

Front 47

Disulfide Bridges

Back 47

Strongest forces maintaining the tertiary shape of polypeptides

Front 48

Quaternary Structure

Back 48

When a protein is made of more than one polypeptide chain

Front 49

Mad Cow disease

Back 49

Result from a misfolded protein, also known as "prion disease"

Front 50

Structural isomers

Back 50

Glucose and fructose are example of this type of structure

Front 51

Covalent Bond

Back 51

Nucleotides in a single DNA chain are held together by this between phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar group of the next nucleotide

Front 52

A phosphate+ a sugar + a nitrogenous base

Back 52

What is a nucleotide consist of?

Front 53

The 3' end

Back 53

What end are nucleotides added to on the polynucleotide chain?

Front 54

RNA

Back 54

Single strand that has base pairing