Structural Kinesiology Midterm

Front 1

types of parallel muscles

Back 1

flat, fusiform, strap, radiate/triangular, sphincter

Front 2

types of pennate muscles

Back 2

uni, bi, multi

Front 3

type of muscle: usually thin and broad, originating from broad, fibrous, sheetlike aponeuroses that allow them to spread their forces over a broad area. ex: rectus abdominis

Back 3

flat

Front 4

type of muscle: spindle-shaped with central belly that tapers to tendons on each end, can focus their power on small, bony targets.

Back 4

fusiform.
ex: biceps bracii, brachialis

Front 5

type of muscle: more uniform in diameter with essentially all of their fibers arranged in a long parallel manner, can focus their power on small, bony targets.

Back 5

strap. ex: sartorius

Front 6

type of muscle: combined arrangement of flat and fusiform muscles, originate on broad aponeuroses and converge to a single point of attachement with a tendon.

Back 6

radiate/triangular
ex: pectoralis major, trapezius

Front 7

type of muscle: fibers concentrically arranged around a body opening; technically endless strap muscles surround opening and function to close them upon contraction.

Back 7

sphincter
ex: orbicularis oris

Front 8

type of muscle: run obliqely from a tendon on one side only

Back 8

unipennate
ex: biceps femoris, extensor digitorum longus

Front 9

type of muscle: run obliquely on both sides from a central tendon

Back 9

bipennate
ex: rectus femoris, flexor hallucis longus

Front 10

type of muscle: several tendons with fibers running diagonally btw them

Back 10

multipennate
ex: deltoid

Front 11

what type of muscle produces strongest contraction?

Back 11

bipennate and unipennate

Front 12

what are the muscle tissue properties?

Back 12

excitability, contractibility, elasticity, extensibility

Front 13

muscles that belong solely to the body part in which they act

Back 13

intrinsic

Front 14

muscles that originate outside of the body part in which they act

Back 14

extrinsic

Front 15

range of muscle fiber length btw maximal and minimal lengthening

Back 15

amplitude

Front 16

central, fleshy portion of the muscle that generally increases in diameter as the muscle contracts

Back 16

gaster (belly)

Front 17

fibrous, connective tissue, often cordlike in appearance, that connects muscle to bone & other structures

Back 17

tendon

Front 18

a type of muscle contraction that results in the joint angle changing

Back 18

isotonic

Front 19

a type of muscle contraction that results in the joint angle staying the same

Back 19

isometric

Front 20

there are 2 types of isotonic contractions:

Back 20

concentric (shortening)
eccentric (lengthening)

Front 21

occurs when muscle develops enough force to overcome the applied tension; muscle develops tension as it shortens

Back 21

concentric (positive contraction)

Front 22

occurs when muscle gradually lessons in tension to control the descent of resistance

Back 22

eccentric (negative contraction)

Front 23

a type of dynamic exercise using concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions

Back 23

isokenetics

Front 24

prime movers of a muscle

Back 24

agonist

Front 25

relax a muscle to provide for contraction of opposite muscle

Back 25

antagonist

Front 26

stabalize a joint to allow movement for another body part

Back 26

stabilizer

Front 27

assist in action of agonisists

Back 27

synergists

Front 28

contract to resist action of other muscles

Back 28

neutralizers

Front 29

every muscle fiber is innervated by a ____, which when an appropriate stimulus is provided, results in muscle contraction

Back 29

motor neuron

Front 30

what is the highest level of control in the cns? provides for the creation of voluntary movement & interprets sensory stimuli

Back 30

cerebral cortex

Front 31

controls maintance of postures and equilibrium, controls learned movements

Back 31

basal ganglia

Front 32

major integrator of sensory impulses, controls timing and intensity of muscle activity

Back 32

cerebellum

Front 33

integrates all cns activity thru excitation and inhibition of desired neuromuscular functions in arousal or maintaining a wakeful state

Back 33

brain stem

Front 34

common pathway btw cns & pns. has the most specific control.

Back 34

spinal cord

Front 35

bring impulses from receptors in the skin to CNS

Back 35

sensory/affarent

Front 36

carry impulses to outlaying regions of the body

Back 36

motor/efferent

Front 37

efferent nerves are subdivided into voluntary & involuntary. what is the difference?

Back 37

voluntary- under concious control. carry impulses to skeletal muscles.
involuntary-referred to as the autonomic nervous system. sends signals to heart, smooth muscles and glands.

Front 38

what cranial nerve smells odors?

Back 38

olfactory

Front 39

cranial nerve responsible for sight, visual acuity

Back 39

optic

Front 40

cranial nerve that is : levator of eyelid. superior, middle and inferior recti. inferior oblique muscles of eyelid

Back 40

oculomotor

Front 41

cranial nerve responsible for downward and lateral gaze

Back 41

trochlear

Front 42

cranial nerve responsible for touch, pain, skin of face, scalp behind the ears, mucous membranes of nose, sinuses, mouth, anterior tongue,muscles of mastication, facial sensation, teeth clenching, chewing

Back 42

trigeminal

Front 43

cranial nerve responsible for lateral gaze

Back 43

abducens

Front 44

cranial nerve responsible for facial expressions and sensation of face, identifying familiar tastes with front of tongue

Back 44

facial

Front 45

cranial nerve responsible for hearing, balance and equilibrium

Back 45

vestibulocochlear

Front 46

cranial nerve responsible for taste, gag reflex, and swallowing

Back 46

glossopharyngeal

Front 47

cranial nerve responsible for speech and swallowing, gag reflex

Back 47

vagus

Front 48

cranial nerve responsible for shoulder shrugging and head movement

Back 48

accessory

Front 49

cranial nerve responsible for muscles of tongue and tongue movement

Back 49

hypoglossal

Front 50

spinal nerve responsible for sensation from upper part of shoulders to back of head and front of neck

Back 50

C1-C4 (cervical plexus)

Front 51

spinal nerve responsible for upper extremity and most of scapula.

Back 51

C5-C8 & T1 (brachial plexus)

Front 52

spinal nerve controls thorax

Back 52

T2-T12

Front 53

known as the femoral nerve.

Back 53

L2-L4

Front 54

what nerve innervates anterior region of thigh

Back 54

L2-L4. lumbar and femoral nerves

Front 55

defined area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve

Back 55

dermatome

Front 56

muscle or group of muscle supplied by a specific spinal nerve

Back 56

myotome

Front 57

internal receptors located in skin, joints, etc that provide relative feedback to tension, length, and contraction state of muscle, position of body and limbs, and movements of joints

Back 57

proprioceptors

Front 58

subconcious mechanism by which body is able to control posture and movement by responding to stimuli originating in proprioceptors of the joints, muscles, & inner ear

Back 58

proprioception

Front 59

concious awareness of position & movement of the body in space

Back 59

kinesthesis

Front 60

sensitive to stretch. number varies depending on level of control needed

Back 60

muscle spindles

Front 61

rapid muscle stretch occurs, impulse is sent to cns, cns activates motor neurons and causes it to contract

Back 61

myotatic/ stretch reflex

Front 62

sensitive to muscle tension and contraction. require a greater stretch to be activated. protects us from excessive contraction by causing muscle to relax

Back 62

golgi tendon organs

Front 63

single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Back 63

motor unit

Front 64

stimulus is strong enough to produce an action potential in a motor unit causing all muscle fibers to contract

Back 64

threshold

Front 65

stimuli that are strong enough to produce action potentials in other motor units

Back 65

submaximal stimuli

Front 66

stimuli that are strong enough to produce action potentials in all of the motor units of a muscle

Back 66

maximal stimuli

Front 67

what are the phases of a single muscle contraction or twitch?

Back 67

stimulus
latent (a few milliseconds)
contraction (40 ms)
relaxation (50 ms)

Front 68

greatest amount of tension can be developed when a muscle is stretched ____ % of its resting length

Back 68

100-130 %

Front 69

angle btw muscle insertion & bone on which it inserts

Back 69

angle of pull

Front 70

the brachialis is uni/bi/multiarticular?

Back 70

uniarticular

Front 71

rectus femoris is uni/bi/multiarticular joint?

Back 71

biarticular

Front 72

what is reciprical inhibition?

Back 72

when the antagonist relaxes so the agonist can contract

Front 73

what is active insufficiency?

Back 73

when the muscle becomes shortened to the point that it can go no farther

Front 74

what is passive insuffiency?

Back 74

when a muscle is stretched to the max

Front 75

true/false, it is virtually impossible to actively extend the knee fully when beginning with the hip fully flexed or vice versa

Back 75

true