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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Richard Lazarus |
- Interested in experimental evaluation - Effects of motivation on people - Book Psychological Stress and Coping - Psych Stress is proportional to stress potency |
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Magna Arnold |
Coined the appraisals |
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Magna Arnolds Appraisals |
1. Primary Appraisal: Capacity to produce strong coping effects 2. Secondary Appraisal: Coping with the stress 3. Re appraisal: Change in a coping response because of a stimulus e.g. when there is a cage full of tigers at the zoo, and the cage has been left open |
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Coping Efficacy comes from 2 locations |
1. Environment 2. Personal |
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Pain tolerance depends on ... |
Source, coping efficacy, and amount of harm of appraisal evaluation |
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TA study on environment: Results (The one done with 3 different conditions) |
Stress potency: Didn't really matter what group people were in for environmental and coping efficacy, all that mattered was that they felt they were able to cope with it. |
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Formal and Non Formal Theory |
Split into 2 instruments 1. Non formal: (Un aided verbal reasoning) - Vast majority of work is done this way - Surveys etc. 2. Formal: (aided verbal reasoning) - Computer language - Symbolic logic - Mathematics |
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Stress arousal |
Activation of stress |
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Coping propensity |
To engage in counter stress activity (formal and non formal theory) - Not coping and low propensity = mood disorders and depression |
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Excessive Coping |
Engaging in counter stress activity when there is no environmental impact |
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Absensive coping |
Not engaging in counter stress acitivity when there would be an impact |
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Formal Graph |
*One curve signifies more coping propensity and resistance to environmental noise than the other Top curve = Increased coping prosperity M = Vulnerability of the coping producing cue to environment noise (as M goes up greater vulnerability) N= Environmental Noise (When N is high there is a coping breakdown) E= The natural logarithm (2.72) * can predict momentary change * allows for the creation of relevant summaries of coping activity * can get quantitative predictions * can imply clinical assessment |
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Formal Theory |
Specifies its own measures, research designs and tests |
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Model Testing |
Tests precise quantities E.g. Goodness of Fit Tests: To do with quantities that are extensive and expansive |
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Explanatory incites |
Inspection of structure 1. Aesthetic appeal: A property that is desired 2. Self-diagnostic: Selective influence, manipulations directed towards the environment should influence the decision. 3. Liberating Qualities: Does not require you to have empirical support every step of the way 4. Realist vs. Instrumental: Empirical data vs. A thought without concrete data |
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3 Types of Theoretical Modelling |
1. Normative Model: Optimal way about making judgement or predictions about something 2. Descriptive Model: Inferences choices and judgement B. Similarity Heuristic Model: (falls under descriptive) E.g. Tell me if the person who wrote this essay is in computer science or arts and humanities Prob of computer science writing this essay X Prob of someone in arts writing the essay 3. Abnormal Descriptive: Deals with extremities |
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Hans Selye |
- Wrote a book called Stress of Life General Adaptation Syndrome: Concept of a combination of events (multiplicity syndrome) - Emphasis was on mental or physical danger |
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Pollard and Ice HPA |
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (release of cortisol into the system) Allistasis: Psychological disorder Allistatic: Chronic physical disorder 1. Alarm 2. Period of resistance |
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Jenkins, Holmes, Rahe |
Life Events Scale: Had to do with the probability of developing an illness - They investigated major life incidents Jenkins Activity Survey: Developed a new way of measuring things, they were not interested in major life events, but rather a persons response to them. Developed into 2 types of people Type A: People who reacted to situations with active involvement Type B: People who responded with passivity, took things in stride |
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Lazarus and Folkman (2 scales) |
Daily Hassles Scale: used for examining a broadspectrum of everyday stresses, and provided initial evidence regarding itsreliability, validity, and ability to predict psychological symptoms Ways of Coping Scale: Engaging in relaxation exercises religious exercises, and social support |
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Mandler |
Rather than a typed definition, stress and coping should be approached through implicit shared understanding and implementing different ideas. Textbook title approach: Working model: |
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3 Realms of Stress Activation |
Psychophysiological: Involve automatic reactions that can be detected (e.g. sweat reaction) Behavioural: Observes how much stress interferes with performance Subjective: Has to do with rating scales, that can measure unique individual differences - Common analogue scale: Ranges from 0 to stress extreme |
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Coping |
Ways of coping - Seek support - Even 1 allie evidence has shown can make a huge difference - Systematic coping - Electromyography: Sensitive to processing information. Chine muscles are observed during cognitions (digastricus and obiculoris) |
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Diagnostic Interview Scale |
Requires an interview/ structured interview, aims is to separate objective and subjective stressors. |
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Quasi |
Sum of the number of goals that an individual has. N= the number of goals being implemented - Stress proportional to: summation of goal importance X Intensity of deprivation * As either goes up, stress goes up |
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Response Directed "Emotion" Focused Coping |
- Getting your own reaction under control - Have different response then you want, and trying to counteract with that response - Synthesizing energy - More complex level should improve cognitive efficiency |
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Stimulus directed coping |
- Problem focused, instrumental, decisional control - Directed towards social evaluation |
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Problem focused coping |
- Placing oneself in a multi faced stressful situation to minimize the probability of an unfavourable event - Recuperation, this can be done through a variety of mechanisms, distraction, social support and relaxation exercises. |
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Palliative |
- Making experience less aversive, until coping is complete - Engage in comfort and cognitions |
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Comprised Vigilance |
- Focus on psychological subjective - Focus on physiological level of activation when in danger |
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Neurotic paradox |
- Disadvantage of response directed coping - Long term events - Punishing aspect, because of aversive aspect is so remote to the positive reinforcement - Anxiety disorders, OCD - Multiple set of manipulations to take into account |
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Kinds of stimulus directed coping |
Instrumental control: Individual acts directly to stress activation e.g. assault Decisional control: Position oneself in a stressing situation to minimize the likelihood of an aversive event Restorative: After a stressing event has happened, one wants to put things back in order e.g. natural disaster |
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Kinds of response directed coping |
Palliative coping: Reducing adverseness, recuperation. Creating a buffer between subjective experience and subjective optimal level |
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Endler (Multi dimensional scale) |
4 Dimensions - Physical danger of threat - Ego Threat - Unexpected/Unfamiliar situation - Daily routine |
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Charles (2 scales) |
State anxiety: What is immediate state that a person is feeling? Trait Anxiety Scale: Characteristics of individual, how they typically react to stress |
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Pre-pulse interval |
The interval between stimulus 1 and stimulus 2 that helps a person brace themselves from engaging in a buffering activity |
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- 0 probability means fully predicable, people will be cautious and relaxation will not happen - As probability goes up the more likely that the stress activation will increase w/ the likelihood of that event - The 2 lines are a sum of linear components, individuals will differ in terms of what event had more of an impact on them - Stress activation increases with event probability, but it varies |
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Shannon- Weonder Information Theory |
Relates to binary logarithms, used to separate predictability from probability - Foundation for current hardware and software - A Mathematical Theory: All related to horizontal line of probability. As probability becomes separate, predictability is increased but are they are more equal to each other, uncertainty is maximized |
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3 Kinds of Log in Science |
Common log: Whatever you have to do to 10, in order to get a certain value of X Natural log: Whatever you have to do to 2.72, in order to get a certain value of X Binary Log: Whatever you have to do to 2, in order to get a certain value of X |
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Maximax |
Maximize likelihood of an outcome |
