Strength And Conditioning Chapter 2

Front 1

the flow of energy in a biological system; the conversion of macronutrients into biologically usable forms of energy.

Back 1

bioenergetics

Front 2

the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules, associated with the release of energy

Back 2

catabolism

Front 3

the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules; can be accomplished using the energy released from catabolic reactions

Back 3

anabolism

Front 4

energy-releasing reactions that are generally catabolic

Back 4

exergonic reactions

Front 5

require energy and include anabolic processes and the contraction of muscle.

Back 5

endergonic reactions

Front 6

the total of all the catabolic or exergonic and anabolic or endergonic reactions in a biological system

Back 6

metabolism

Front 7

Allows the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions.

Back 7

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 8

Macronutrients (3)

Back 8

carbs, fats, protein

Front 9

Micronutrients (2)

Back 9

vitamins and minerals

Front 10

Systems that replenish ATP in muscle cells (3)

Back 10

Phosphagen system, glycolysis, oxidative system

Front 11

ATP-PcR

Back 11

Adenosine triphosphate-Phosphocreatin
1-1 ratio

Front 12

Glycolysis breakdown (2)

Back 12

Anaerobic glycolysis-> fast glycolysis-> 1-2 or 3 ATP
Aerobic-> slow glycolysis-> 1 carb.= 40ATP
1 fat= 463 ATP

Front 13

Provides ATP primarily for short-term, high- intensity activities and is active at the start of all exercise regardless of intensity

Back 13

Phosphagen system
Uses ATP stored in muscles
Lasts about 10 sec
Ex.) Olympic Sprinters

Front 14

ATP Stores (4)

Back 14

The body does not store enough ATP for exercise.
Some ATP is needed for basic cellular function.
The phosphagen system uses the creatine kinase reaction to maintain the concentration of ATP.
The phosphagen system replenishes ATP rapidly.

Front 15

The breakdown of carbohydrates-either glycogen stored in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood-to resynthesize ATP

Back 15

Glycolysis

Front 16

The end result of glycolysis

Back 16

pyruvate

Front 17

The two directions that pyruvate goes

Back 17

1. converted to lactate
2. shuttled into the mitochondria

Front 18

Where does lactate get converted to glucose?

Back 18

Liver

Front 19

Cori Cycle

Back 19

Lactate being transported in the blood to the liver where it is converted to glucose

Front 20

Does the Cori System ever stop?

Back 20

No- because the muscle works faster than the liver, causing lactate from the muscle to remain in the blood.

Front 21

Energy yield of glycolysis (2)

Back 21

1. Glycolysis from one molecule of blood glucose yields a net of 2 ATP.
2. Glycolysis from the glycogen yields a net of three ATP
ATP lasts about 30 sec-1 min

Front 22

Lactate Threshold (LT)

Back 22

represents an increasing reliance on anaerobic mechanisms, and often used as a marker of the anaerobic threshold.

Front 23

The exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration.

Back 23

Lactate Threshold (LT)

Front 24

OBLA

Back 24

Onset of Blood lactate accumulation

Front 25

Oxidative (Aerobic) system

Back 25

primary source of ATP at rest and during low-intensity activities.
Uses primarily carbohydrates and fats as substrates

Front 26

Metabolism of blood glucose and muscle glycogen begins with glycolysis and leads to the Krebs cycle. (If oxygen is present in sufficient quantities, the end product of glycolysis, pyruvate, is not converted to lactate but is transported to the mitochondria where it is taken up and enters the Krebs cycle.)

Back 26

Glucose and Glycogen Oxidation

Front 27

Triglycerides stored in fat cells can be broken down by hormone-sensitive lipase. This releases free fatty acids from the fat cells into the blood, where they can circulate and enter muscle fibers.

Back 27

Fat Oxidation

Front 28

Free fatty acids enter the mitochondria, are broken down, and form acetyl-CoA and hydrogen protons.

Back 28

Fat Oxidation

Front 29

Protein is broken down into amino acids, and the amino acids are converted into glucose, pyruvate, or various Krebs cycle intermediates to produce ATP.

Protein is not a significant source of energy for most activities

Back 29

Protein Oxidation

Front 30

Phosphagen depletion

Back 30

decreases 50-70% during the first stage (5-30 sec) of high-intensity exercise and can be almost eliminated as a result of very intense exercise to exhaustion.

Front 31

Phosphagen repletion

Back 31

can occur in a relatively short period; complete resynthesis of ATP appears to occur within 3-5 min, and complete creatine phosphate resynthesis within 8 min.

Front 32

Glycogen depletion

Back 32

At relative intensities of exercise above 60% of maximal oxygen uptake, muscle glycogen becomes an increasingly important energy substrate; the entire glycogen content of some muscle cells can become depleted during exercise.

Front 33

Glycogen repletion

Back 33

optimal if .7-3.0 g of carbohydrate per kg of body weight is ingested every 2 hrs following exercises

Front 34

VO2 (max)

Back 34

75% of maximal oxygen uptake

Front 35

EPOC

Back 35

excess postexercise oxygen consumption

Front 36

VO2

Back 36

oxygen uptake or volume of oxygen

Front 37

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Back 37

Oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body to the preexercise condition; also called postexercise oxygen uptake, oxygen debt, or recovery O2

Front 38

Anaerobic glycolysis

Back 38

lasts about 45s

Front 39

Aerobic glycolysis

Back 39

has no known end point

Front 40

fast glycolysis

Back 40

goes through Cori cycle

Front 41

slow glycolysis

Back 41

goes through Krebs Cycle

Front 42

pyruvate to liver

Back 42

Cori Cycle

Front 43

Pyruvate to mitochondria

Back 43

Krebs Cycle