Storms, Tsunami

Front 1

Name/abbreviation of thunderstorm clouds

Back 1

Cumulonimbus (CB)

Front 2

Anvil of thunderstorm is located at

Back 2

Tropopause

Front 3

Thunderstorm movement

Back 3

Normally southwest to Northeast

Front 4

Sensible heat

Back 4

You can feel
-is consumed to evaporate water (changes phase from liquid to vapor)
-Absorbed in surrounding air, and is "hidden" as latent heat

Front 5

Latent heat

Back 5

Hidden in water, measured by humidity
-When water vapor condenses, it is converted back to sensible heat and returned to surrounding air
-Water vapor can be blown to new locations by wind, when it condenses it heats the storm when releasing latent heat

Front 6

Force per unit area
P=F/A

Back 6

Pressure

Front 7

Warmer or cooler air can hold more water vapour at saturation?

Back 7

warmer

Front 8

Mixing ratio

Back 8

Water vapor/All remaining gasses

Front 9

Dew-Point temperature (Td)

Back 9

Start with unsaturated ari, then cool it at constant pressure until water vapor begins to condense out

Front 10

Hygrometers

Back 10

Measure humidity

Front 11

Storm propagation

Back 11

Gust front pushes up boundary layer air and triggers new thunderstorm

Front 12

movement of water vapor causes

Back 12

movement of energy

Front 13

Storms ultimately get energy from

Back 13

the sun

Front 14

Most likely times for thunderstorm formation

Back 14

Late afternoon and early evenings, - this has most time to accumulate heat

Front 15

Advection

Back 15

Movement of heat and humidity by the wind

Front 16

Positive feedback

Back 16

allows the storm to grow and intensify

Front 17

Lightning alley/ lightning frequency

Back 17

Florida/southeast United States

Front 18

Lightning in Canada

Back 18

Ontario has greatest lightning density
-Found frequently in Alberta though

Front 19

Lightning deaths

Back 19

Top two weather related killers in North America

Front 20

Basic steps for thunderstorm

Back 20

-Sun evaporates water
-Humid air from that is used for storms
-Wind advects to thunderstorm
-Changes from latent to sensible

Front 21

Buoyancy

Back 21

-Vertical motions (up and down)
-Dominant process in thunderstorms

Front 22

pressure

Back 22

-Horizontal motions
-Dominant process in cyclones

Front 23

Newton's Second Law

Back 23

If you push an object harder, it accelerates faster in the direction you push it
-Force=Mass x acceleration

Front 24

Air parcel

Back 24

-Blob about the size of toy balloon
-It's movement is nothing more than horizontal or vertical wind

Front 25

pressure gradient force

Back 25

Change in pressure across a distance
-Can only happen if there is difference between two pressures across a distance

Front 26

Temperature alters buoyancy to drive vertical winds

Back 26

Warm air rises because it is less dense.
-Thus temperature creates vertical buoyancy forces

Front 27

Atmospheric pressure decreases with height slower in warm air than cold

Back 27

Yes

Front 28

How do pressure gradients form

Back 28

Warm air is less dense than cold.
-thus warm air columns take up more space than cold ones
-pressure decreases more slow in warm air than cold, so pressure at the top of a warm air column will be less than those of same altitude

Front 29

Pressure always decreases with

Back 29

Height

Front 30

Horizontal winds will greater if

Back 30

Warmer air is at the core, and colder air is outside
-the higher up the column the greater horizontal winds will be because winds depend on pressure difference

Front 31

Continuity

Back 31

Ties together vertical and horizontal winds
-Air parcel rises, leaving vacuum
-Molecules try to fill vaccuum, (horizontal motion)
-parcel rises makes molecules above go horizontally- these fall and try to fill vacuum

Front 32

Downdraft speed

Back 32

20 km/hr to 90 km/hr
-horizontal winds can reach 250 km/hr

Front 33

adiabitc process

Back 33

no heat transfer involved

Front 34

lapse rate

Back 34

decrease of temperature with height

Front 35

adiabatic lapse rate (dry and moist)
--DRY

Back 35

Air parcel rising adiabatically will decrease 9.8 C for each 1 km it rises

Front 36

Lifting Condensation Level (LCL)

Back 36

Height of cloud base for cumulus cloud

Front 37

flanking line

Back 37

sticks out from main updraft
-new cells in cumulus stage

Front 38

Tornado alley

Back 38

Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas

Front 39

Tornado outbreak

Back 39

Many tornadoes occur during a week or less

Front 40

Fujita scale

Back 40

Damage to buildings
1-5

Front 41

Torro scale

Back 41

Wind speed

Front 42

Enhanced Fujita scale

Back 42

Better examinations of tornado damage surveys

Front 43

Tornado damage path

Back 43

Pretty narrow (size of car) -Rarely observed to have damage path more than 1 km wide

Front 44

Spiral bands

Back 44

From eyewall bands that spiral outwards

Front 45

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale

Back 45

Measures wind speed

Front 46

Hurricanes maintain themselves by getting energy from

Back 46

heat stored in the ocean

Front 47

Ocean temperature necessary for hurricanes to happen

Back 47

26 degrees smellcius

Front 48

Hurricane dies when

Back 48

-moves over cold water
-moves over land

Front 49

Bermuda high

Back 49

blows hurricanes in circular motion off coast of afr

Front 50

Storm surge

Back 50

sea-level rise, most significant hazard to coastal regions

Front 51

Doppler weather radars can measure

Back 51

precipitation intensity and atmospheric pressure