Sternberg's Cognitive Psyc 3Rd Ed Chapter 8

Front 1

define converging operations

Back 1

the use of multiple approaches and techniques to address a problem

Front 2

define concept

Back 2

an idea about something that provides a means of understanding the world

Front 3

define category

Back 3

a concept itself, which functions to organize or point out aspects of equivalence among other concepts based on common features or similarity to a prototype.

Front 4

define schema

Back 4

mental frameworks for representing knowledge that encompass an array of interrelated concepts in a meaningful organization.

Front 5

true or false: A strong point of schema's is that they do not give rise to stereotypes.

Back 5

False. We might, for example, have a schema for the kind of person we believe was responsible for the destruction of the World Trade Center. This schema easily can generate a stereotype of certain groups of people as likely to be terrorists.

Front 6

Define 'defining features'

Back 6

they constitute the definition of a category, according to the feature-based, componential point of view. A defining feature is a necassary one: For a thing to be an "X", it must have that feature, otherwise it is not an "X".

Front 7

explain prototype theory

Back 7

categories are fromed on the basis of characteristic features.

Front 8

define characteristic features

Back 8

the describe (characterize or typify) the typical model of the category.

Front 9

define classical concepts

Back 9

categories that can be readily defined through defining features, such as a bachelor.

Front 10

define fuzzy concepts

Back 10

categories that cannot be so easily defined, largely because the borders of what constitutes them are.... fuzzy.

Front 11

define similarity

Back 11

the number of features shared between an object and the prototype.

Front 12

define mutiliple exemplars

Back 12

several alternative typical representatives of a category.

Front 13

define core

Back 13

the defining features something must have to be considered an example of a category. In contrast, the prototype refers to the characteristic features that tend to be typical of an example but that are not necessary for being considered an example.

Front 14

define semantic network

Back 14

a web of interconnected elements that are related to meaning as expressed in language.

Front 15

define labeled relationships

Back 15

connections between nodes (elements)

Front 16

true or false: A hierarchical model would seem ideal because within a hierarchy we can store information efficiently that applies to all members of a category at the highest possible level in the hierarchy without having to repeat that information at all the lower levels.

Back 16

True

Front 17

define inheritance

Back 17

lower-level items inherit the properties of higher-level itemes

Front 18

True or false: an items 'basic level' is the one that has the largest number of distinctive features, which set it off from other concepts at the same level

Back 18

true

Front 19

true or false: When people are shown pictures of objects, the pople identify objects at a basic level at the same speed that they identify objects at higher or lower levels.

Back 19

false. they identify basic level items quicker.

Front 20

define schema

Back 20

a mental framework for organizing knowledge, creating a meaningful structure of related concepts.

Front 21

list 3 characteristics of schemas that ensure wide flexibility in their use

Back 21

1. Schemas can include other schemas
2. Schemas encompass typical, general facts, which can vary slightly from one specific instance to another
3. Schemas can vary in their degree of abstraction.

Front 22

List 5 ways that schemas also can include infromation about relationships

Back 22

1. Concepts
2. attributes within concepts
3. Attributes in related concepts
4. Concepts and particular contexts
5. Specific concepts and general background knowledge.

Front 23

define scripts

Back 23

a structure that describes appropriate sequences of events in a particular contex. A script is made up of slots and requirements about what can fill those slots. The structure is an interconnnected whole, and what is in one slot affects what can be in another. Scripts hanle stylized everyday situations. They are not subject to much change, nor do they provide the apparatus for handling totally novel situations

Front 24

list 5 features of scripts

Back 24

1. props
2. roles to be played
3. opening conditions
4. scenes
5. results.

Front 25

define production system

Back 25

the entire set of rules for executing the task or using the skill (eg: traffic light)

Front 26

define ACT-R

Back 26

a model of information processing that integrates a network representation for declarative knowledge and a production-system representation for procedural knowledge.

Front 27

J.R. Anderson (1980) hypothesized that knowledge representation of prodedural skills occurs in 3 stages. List them

Back 27

cognitive, associative, autonomous.

Front 28

describe the cognitive stage

Back 28

we think about explicit rules for implementing the procedure.

Front 29

describe the associative stage

Back 29

we practice using the explicit rules extensivley, usually in a highly consistent manner

Front 30

describe the autonomous stage

Back 30

we use these rules automatically and implicityly, with a high degree of integration and coordination, as well as speed and accuracy.

Front 31

define proceduralization

Back 31

the overall process by which we transform slow, explicit information about procedures into speedy, implicit, implementations of procedures.

Front 32

describe what happens during composition

Back 32

we construct a single production rule that effectively embraces two or more production rules, thus streamlining the number of rules required for executing the procedure.

Front 33

define discriminate

Back 33

discern relevant information from irrelevant data

Front 34

true or false: amnesia patients have no procedural knowledge

Back 34

False. They seem to show procedural knowledge even when they cannot remember that they possess such knowledge.

Front 35

True or false: Nondeclarative knowledge representation occurs as a result of experience in implementing a procedure as well as a realut of reading, hearing, or otherwise aquiring information from explicit instructions.

Back 35

False. experience in implementing a procedure only

Front 36

define semantic priming

Back 36

we are primed by a meaningul context or by meaningful information

Front 37

define repetition priming

Back 37

prior exposure to a word or other stimulus primes a subsequent retreival of that information.

Front 38

define compound cue

Back 38

a linking of the target and the prime as a pair used for retrieving information from memory.

Front 39

define parallel processing

Back 39

multiple operations go on all at once.

Front 40

define inactive neurons

Back 40

not stimulated beyond their threshold of excitation and are not releasing any neurotransmitters into the synapse

Front 41

define excitatory neurons

Back 41

releasing neurotransmitters that stimulate receptive neurons at the synapse, increasing the likelihood that the receiving neurons will reach their threshold of excitation

Front 42

define inhibitory neurons

Back 42

releasing neurotransmitters that inhibit receptive neurons, reducing the likelihood that the receiving neurons will reach their threshold of excitation

Front 43

true or false: the more often a particular connection is activated, the greater is the strenght of the connection in exitatory neurons only.

Back 43

false. also in inhibitory neurons.

Front 44

define modular

Back 44

divided into descrete modules that operate more or less independently from each other