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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Norepinephrine facilitates opening of L-type … and … channels in phase 4 of the nodal action potential. This leads to more rapid …
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Ca++ and Na+
Depolarization |
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Glycine is an … neurotransmitter and glucagon is an important hormone in the metabolism of …
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Inhibitory
Carbohydrates |
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… is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
… acts on the collecting duct epithelium in kidneys, increasing Na+ reabsorption and urinary excretion of K+ and H+. |
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone |
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The action potential of pacemaker cells includes phases 0, 3, and 4. Phase 4 consists of spontaneous depolarization, and occurs due to the closure of … channels and the opening of L-type … channels. Acetylcholine and adenosine … the rate of spontaneous depolarization in cardiac pacemaker cells
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K+
Ca++ Reduce |
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Endothelin is a peptide found in … that causes … It is a very potent vaso…
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Smooth muscles
Smooth muscle contraction Constrictor |
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… is a peptide responsible for vasoconstriction and aldosterone release
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Angiotensin II
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… are natural proteins that help regulate Na and fluid balance in the body. They cause vasodilation, natriuresis, and diuresis in response to volume expansion.
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Natriuretic peptides (i.e. ANP and BNP)
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… is a peptide that stimulates pain, vasodilation, and increased vascular permeability. It is an important mediator in the body’s inflammatory response.
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Bradykinin
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Concurrent use of NSAIDs (which inhibit prostaglandin release) with loop diuretics can result in a/an … diuretic response
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Decreased
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Acute salicylate intoxication first causes an acute …
If high doses have been ingested, this phase is soon followed by a superimposed … due to organic acid accumulation. There might also be a slight … resulting from volume contraction related to vomiting. |
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis |
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Patients with COPD have … arterial and venous oxygen content
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Low
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COPD is characterized by … pCO2 (…capnia), which causes respiratory … with a … pH and a … pCO2 on arterial blood gas analysis
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Increased
Hyper Acidosis Low High |
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Chronic hypoxia in COPD causes pulmonary vaso…
Pulmonary …tension and cor pulmonale are frequent complications of COPD |
Constriction
Hyper |
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… is the most potent cerebral vasodilator. It … cerebral vascular resistance leading to … cerebral perfusion and … intracranial pressure. Patients w/ COPD usually have … pO2 and … pCO2. Thus their cerebral circulation is most likely to be ….
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pCO2
decreases increased increased low high increased |
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The resting potential of neuronal postsynaptic membranes is close to the equilibrium potential for …. An action potential changes the membrane charge to halfway between the equilibrium potentials for … and …. Not every stimulus transmitted to the postsynaptic membrane is strong enough to generate an action potential.
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K+
K+ and Na+ |
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The … ventilation is the volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs and conducting airways in one minute. It accounts for all air, including air that does not participate in gas exchange, entering or leaving the airways per minute.
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Minute
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The … ventilation refers only to the volume of air participating in gas exchange per minute. Thus, it does not include the dead space volume.
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Alveolar
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The … is the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled with each normal, unforced breath and is a factor in calculating both the minute ventilation and the alveolar ventilation
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Tidal volume
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Blood flow is directly proportional to the vessel radius raised to the … power.
Resistance to blood flow is inversely proportional to the vessel radius raised to the … power |
Fourth
fourth |
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LH stimulates the release of testosterone from the … cells of the testes, whereas FSH stimulates the release of inhibin B from the … cells of the testes
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Leydig
Sertoli |
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Are testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and DHEA intimately related to the FSH feedback loop, or the LH feedback look?
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LH feedback loop
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Inhibin feeds back to inhibit … secretion
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FSH
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The lowest concentration of PAH in luminal fluid is in …
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Bowman’s space (excreted amt>>filtered amt)
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The … enzyme activity of the proximal collecting tubules is responsible for reabsorbing 2/3 of the sodium and water filtered from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule. These enzymes are also responsible for reabsorbing filtered glucose, amino acids, phosphate and lactate by cotransport w/ sodium.
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Brush border
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Intracellular H+ generation in the proximal collecting tubule occurs by the action of …
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Carbonic anhydrase
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Acetazolamide is a … drug. It’s used as diuretics in the treatment of mountain sickness.
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
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What class of drugs decrease the activity of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter leading to K+ loss and diuresis?
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Loop diuretics
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… increases urea reabsorption in the collecting tubules by contributing to the formation of the corticopapillary renal interstitial osmotic gradient.
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ADH (vasopressin)
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Since the pulmonary circulation is part of a continuous circuit w/ the systemic circulation, what must be equal in both circulations at all times?
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Rate of blood flow
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High altitude exposure lasting more than a few days results in hypoxemia with a chronic respiratory …. The corresponding … in serum bicarb levels reflects renal compensation.
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Alkalosis
Decrease |
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The … discharge rate determines the atrial contraction rate, while the … discharge rate determines the ventricular contraction rate.
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SA node
AV node |
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The … refractory period is what limits the ventricular contraction rate.
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AV node
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… occurs due to irregular, chaotic electrical activity within the atria. While some of the atrial impulses are transmitted to the ventricles, most are not due to the … refractory period.
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Atrial fibrillation
AV nodal |
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IV fluid infusions increase the intravascular volume by varying degrees depending on the composition of the solute. The resultant preload increase causes … ventricular myocardial sarcomere length and thus … SV and CO.
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Increased
Increased |
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Afferent fibers from carotid sinus stretch receptors form a small carotid sinus nerve, Hering’s nerve, which is a branch of the … nerve
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Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
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Fibers from the aortic arch baroreceptors run w/in the … nerve
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Vagus (CN X)
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The … nerve primarily controls the mm of the tongue, the … nerve controls the SCM and the trapezius muscles, and the … nerve primarily mediates facial sensation
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Hypoglossal
Accessory Trigeminal |
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… inhibits alpha-glucosidase in the intestinal brush border, which impairs the hydrolysis of sugars and postprandial absorption of ingested polymeric glucose. By reducing postprandial hyperglycemia, this … endogenous insulin secretion and C peptide levels in T2DM w/ residual pancreatic B-cell function.
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Acarbose
Decreases |
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Metformin (a …) and rosiglitazone (a …) increase the sensitivity of target tissues to insulin.
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Biguanide
Thiazolidinedione |
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The ACE-I enalapril is a renoprotective agent that decreases diabetic …
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Proteinuria
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Fasting and decreased caloric intake would … the rate of endogenous insulin secretion and corresponding C peptide levels.
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Decrease
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… can be used as a marker of the total rate of endogenous B-cell insulin secretion under steady-state conditions.
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C peptide
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Sulfonylureas … the rate of insulin secretion and C peptide levels in patients w/ T2DM.
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Increase
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Calcitonin inhibits … activity, leading to a decrease in bone resorption. It’s a very useful marker for patients with medullary thyroid cancer and is also used to treat …calcemia. It does not mark … activity.
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Osteoclastic
Hyper Osteoblastic |
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Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase reflects … activity.
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline, and urinary deoxypyridinoline (the most reliable of the 3) reflect … activity. |
Osteoblastic
Osteoclastic |
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What type of administration of GnRH agonists would be useful for the treatment of infertility? (pulsatile?/constant?)?
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Pulsitile
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An irregularly irregular tachyarrhtymia in a conscious patient is most likely …, the most common chronic arrhythmia.
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Atrial fibrillation.
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In AF, the EKG shows … p waves and irregularly spaced ventricular contractions evidenced by a variable R-R interval.
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Absent
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Chronic anemia causes … in CO, which causes … in the slope of the cardiac output graph
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Increase (to meet the metabolic demands of the tissues)
Increase |
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Anaphylaxis results in a serious … in venous return
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Drop (widespread venous and arteriolar dilation along w/ increased capillary permeability and third-spacing of fluids)
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What type of cell am I?
Non-ciliated, secretory constituents of the terminal respiratory epithelium. May also be a source of some components of surfactant. Also play a role in the detoxification of inhaled toxins by a cytochrome P450 mechanism. |
Clara cells
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What type of cell am I?
I am a thin cell stretched across the alveolar wall that mediates gas exchange. |
Type I pneumocyte
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What type of cell am I?
I am fewer in number than my counterpart, and I produce surfactant and divide and differentiate into another cell type to replace damaged cells. |
Type II pneumocyte
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In general, inhaled particles are cleared by epithelia cilia (present to the level of the …) via mucociliary clearance. Mucus-secreting cells are present to the level of the smallest …
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Terminal bronchioles
Bronchi |
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… limitation is a cause of hypoxia that typically results from pulmonary fibrosis, ARDS, emphysema or hyaline membrane disease of the infant. In this type of gas exchange, the blood pO2 does not equilibrate with the alveolar pO2 by the end of the alveolar capillary.
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Diffusion
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The pO2 in the left atrium is … than that in the pulmonary veins.
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Lower (b/c deoxygenated blood from the bronchial arteries mixes w/ oxygenated blood in the pulmonary veins)
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Dyspnea, bibasilar crackles and the presence of an S3 sound in a patient w/ a recent MI together suggests …
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Left heart failure
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Does left-to-right shunting cause hypoxemia?
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No, because arterial blood has a higher PO2 than venous blood.
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In left ventricular failure, fluid accumulation in the lung interstitium … the elasticity of the alveolar walls resulting in … compliance
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Decreases
Decreased |
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Glucose is normally filtered at the glomerulus and completely reabsorbed by the proximal tubule. Inhibition of sodium coupled carrier mediated transport of glucose by the proximal tubule would calse the glucose clearance to approach the value of the …, which is typically estimated by calculating the clearance of …
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GFR
Inulin |
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In secondary hyperaldosteronism, what are the levels of renin and aldosterone? Causes of secondary hyperaldosteronism include renovascular hypertension (typically associated w/ fibromuscular dysplasia or atherosclerosis), diuretic use, malignant HTN, and renin secreting tumors.
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Both renin and aldosterone levels are elevated.
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What cell type primarily regulates the body’s iron content?
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Intestinal epithelial cells
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Stimulation of the vagus nerve branches supplying the lung would cause broncho… and … bronchial mucus secretion. These effects would … airway resistance and the work of breathing.
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Constriction
Increased Increase |
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Airway resistance is … in bronchioles
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Minimal
(the majority of total frictional airway is localized to the medium and small-sized bronchi greater than 2 mm in diameter in normal individuals. Regional airway resistance is max in the 2nd -5th generation airways, including segmental bronchi). |
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Nitroprusside is a short acting balanced venous and arterial vasodilator that does what to preload and afterload?
How does that effect stroke volume? |
Decreases both preload and afterload.
Stroke volume is maintained |
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Poor contractile force on repeated muscle stimulation is a characteristic finding in …. It occurs due to the presence of autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors in the NMJunction.
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Myasthenia gravis
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Impaired relaxation after a single contraction occurs in .... This autosomal-dominant disease occurs due to an abnormality of myotonin protein kinase resulting from trinucleotide repeat expansion.
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Myotonic dystrophy
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… (glycogen storage disease type …) is an example of a disease with impaired energy production during muscle contraction. It manifests with muscle weakness and cramping during exercise resulting from failure of muscle glycogen breakdown due to a defect in myophosphorylase
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McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V)
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The … measures the left atrial end diastolic pressure (LAEDP). Under normal conditions, the LAEDP is nearly equal to the LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP).
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Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)
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What does mitral stenosis do to the LAEDP and PCWP relative to the LVEDP?
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Elevates the LAEDP and PCWP
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An increased total red blood cell may indicates a/an … erythrocytosis while a normal RBC mass indicates a/an … erythrocytosis.
Polycythemia vera is a myeloproliferative disorder associated w/ … erythropoietin levels, while secondary erythrocytosis (due to chronic hypoxia from high altitudes, smoking, or COPD, or due to abnormal secretion by neoplastic or otherwise diseased tissues) is characterized by … EPO levels. |
Absolute
relative Low Increased |
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Measurement of the arterial oxygen saturation is important to exclude … as a cause of the erythrocytosis. PaO2 < 92% may cause … polycythemia.
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Hypoxemia
Secondary |
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… is defined as a hematocrint > 52% in males and >48% in females. Measurement of red blood cell mass is necessary to distinguish absolute from relative erythrocytosis. A normal red blood cell mass indicates … as the cause of polycythemia.
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erythrocytosis
Plasma volume contraction |
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NEW SET
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NEW SET
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Myosin light chain kinase phosphorylates the myosin light chain, activating myosin to bind actin filaments in … cells.
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smooth muscle
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During the … contraction cycle, ATP binding to myosin causes release of the myosin head from its binding site on the actin filament.
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skeletal muscle
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The differences in the bone mineral density curves can best be explained by …. Other factors, like calcium intake and daily physical activity, play a smaller role.
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genetic differences
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In women, FSH stimulates the secretion of inhibin from the … of the ovary, which then suppress FSH release from the anterior pituitary. In men, inhibin is released from … and also acts to inhibit FSH production.
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granulosa cells
Sertoli cells |
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The valsalva maneuver and the standing position can be used to differentate b/w the various causes of a systolic murmur in the left heart. Both maneuvers … venous return to the heart, thereby … left ventricular volume and blood pressure. The murmurs associated with mitral valve prolapse and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy become … audible and those associated with aortic stenosis become … audible.
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Decrease
Reducing More Less |
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An S3 sound is a low frequency heart sound that can be physiologic in children but is typically pathologic in adults where it generally results from left ventricular failure or restrictive cardiomyopathy. The S3 sound can be accentuated by having the patient lie in the … lateral decubitus position and … fully.
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Left
Exhale |
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… is freely filtered from the blood in the glomerular capillaries to the tubular fluid in Bowman’s space. It is also secreted from the blood into the tubular fluid by the cells of the proximal tubule by a carrier protein-mediated process. Its secretion can be saturated at high blood concentrations.
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PAH acid (paraaminohippuric acid)
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… causes delayed, prolonged carotid pulses (pulsus parvus et tardus). Systolic vibrations or a carotid “shudder” (thrill) may also be present.
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Aortic stenosis
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“water-hammer” pulses and head-bobbing with each heart beat (de Musset sign) are characteristic findings in patients with ….
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aortic regurgitation
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