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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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part of adrenal gland that secretes aldosterone?
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Zona Glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
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part of adrenal gland that secretes cortisol and sex hormones?
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Zona Fasciculata of adrenal cortex
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part of adrenal gland that secretes androgens?
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Zona Reticularis of adrenal cortex
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part of adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines?
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Adrenal medulla
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part of adrenal gland that is controlled by renin-angiotensin system?
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Zona Glomerulosa of adrenal cortex (secretes aldosterone)
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part of adrenal gland that is controlled by pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers?
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Adrenal medulla (secretes catecholamines)
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tumors of the adrenal medulla?
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In adults: pheochromocytoma
In children: neuroblastoma |
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hormones made in posterior pituitary?
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vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin are made in hypothalamus, STORED in posterior pituitary
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hormones made in anterior pituitary?
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FSH
LH ACTH TSH Prolactin GH |
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which hormones share an alpha unit?
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TSH, LH, FSH, hCG
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where in pancreas (histologically) are beta cells located?
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INSide of islets of langerhans
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three cell types located in islets of langerhans?
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alpha cells: glucagon responsive
beta cells: insulin responsive delta: somatostatin |
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cells that don't need insulin for glucose uptake?
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Brain
RBCs Intestine Cornea Kidney Liver |
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fuel source for brain in starvation?
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ketone bodies
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negative feedback loop that regulates prolactin secretion?
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increases dopamine secretion (from hypothalamus) that inhibits prolactin secretion from anterior pituitary
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adrenal enzyme deficiency that causes decreased cortisol?
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all of them
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adrenal enzyme deficiency that causes decreased sex hormone levels?
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17-alpha hydroxylase deficiency (other symptoms include hypertension and hypokalemia)
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adrenal enzyme deficiency that causes XY pseudohermaphroditism?
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17-alpha hydroxylase deficiency (other symptoms include hypertension and hypokalemia)
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adrenal enzyme deficiency that causes XX sexual infantilism (lack of secondary sexual characteristics)?
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17-alpha hydroxylase deficiency (other symptoms include hypertension and hypokalemia)
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adrenal enzyme deficiency that causes decreased mineralocorticoids and increased sex hormones?
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21-hydroxylase deficiency (other symptoms include hypotension and hyperkalemia)
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adrenal enzyme deficiency that causes hypotension and hyperkalemia?
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21-hydroxylase deficiency (also causes increased levels of sex hormones)
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adrenal enzyme deficiency that causes decreased aldosterone and corticosterone but hypertension?
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11-beta hydroxylase deficiency (11-deoxycortisol is mineralocorticoid and acts as aldosterone)
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adrenal enzyme deficiency that causes salt wasting in newborn?
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21-hydroxylase deficiency
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source of PTH?
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chief cells of parathyroid
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effect of PTH on phosphate?
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decreases kidney reabsorption of phosphate
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effect of calcium on PTH?
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low serum calcium causes increased PTH secretion
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effect of magnesium on PTH?
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low serum magnesium causes decreased PTH secretion
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source of calcitonin?
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parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid
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primary cause of cushing's syndrome?
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exogenous steroids
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hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis?
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hyperaldosteronism, can be primary (low plasma renin) or secondary (high renin)
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antimicrosomal antibodies?
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis
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antithyroglobulin antibodies?
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis
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HLA association for Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
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HLA-DR5
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pot-bellied, pale, puffy faced child with protruding umbilicus and protruding tongue?
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fetal hypothyroidism (cretinism), caused by lack of dietary iodine or defect in T4/thyroid formation
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histology showing granulomatous inflammation of thyroid?
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subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) -- self-limited hypothyroidism following flulike illness
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fixed, hard, painless goiter?
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Riedel's thyroiditis (replaced by fibrous tissue); causes hypothyroidism
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histology of hashimoto's thyroiditis?
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lymphocytic infiltrate with germinal centers; Hurthle cells
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most common thyroid cancer?
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papillary carcinoma
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calcium levels in primary hyperparathyroidism?
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hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria (renal stones)
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calcium levels in secondary hyperparathyroidism?
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hypocalcemia (usually due to decreased gut calcium absorption, most often in chronic renal disease 2/2 low vitamin D levels)
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test for central vs. nephrogenic DI?
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response to desmopressin
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pancreatic histology associated with type 1 DM?
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leukocytic infiltrate
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pancreatic histology associated with type 2 DM?
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amyloid deposits
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treatment for carcinoid syndrome?
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octreotide
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tumors in MEN 1?
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Parathyroid
Pituitary (prolactin or GH) Pancreatic |
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tumors in MEN 2a?
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Parathyroid
Pheochromocytoma Medullary thyroid carcinoma (secretes calcitonin) |
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tumors in MEN 2b?
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Oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis
Pheochromocytoma Medullary thyroid carcinoma (secretes calcitonin) |
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inheritance pattern of MEN syndromes?
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autosomal-dominant (all subtypes)
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MOA of sulfonylureas in type 2 DM?
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close potassium channel in beta-cell membrane, triggering insulin release
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MOA of metformin?
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exact mechanism unknown; causes decreased gluconeogenesis, increased glycolysis, increased peripheral glucose uptake
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MOA of glitazones in type 2 DM?
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increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue by binding to PPAR-gamma nuclear transcription regulator
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MOA of exenatide in type 2 DM?
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GLP-1 analog, causes increased insulin and decreased glucagon release
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medication used to treat SIADH?
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demeclocycline
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diabetes med that causes lactic acidosis?
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metformin
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treatment for central DI?
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intranasal desmopressin
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treatment for nephrogenic DI?
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HCTZ, indomethacin, or amiloride
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treatment for acromegaly?
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pituitary adenoma resection followed by octreotide administration
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treatment for SIADH?
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free water restriction or demeclocycline
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diabetes meds that cause disulfuram-like effects?
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first generation sulfonylureas (eg tolbutamide, chlorpropamide)
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toxicities of glipizide or glyburide?
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(second gen sulfonylureas)
hypoglycemia |
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toxicities of metformin?
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lactic acidosis (contraindicated in renal failure)
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diabetes meds that cause weight gain, edema, hepatotoxicity?
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glitazones
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diabetes meds that cause GI disturbances?
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alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (inhibit glucose absorption): acarbose, miglitol
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toxicities of acarbose, miglitol?
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alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (inhibit glucose absorption), used in DM II; cause GI disturbances
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psych med that causes nephrogenic DI?
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lithium
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findings of radionucleotide uptake scan in Graves' disease?
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increased uptake, diffuse pattern
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Conn's syndrome
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primary hyperaldosteronism (solitary aldosterone-secreting adenoma of adrenal cortex)
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electrolyte abnormality associated with 22q11 syndromes?
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hypocalcemia
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mechanism of ADH in kidney?
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stimulates water reabsorption by increasing number of water channels
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MOA of finasteride?
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5-alpha reductase inhibitor that inhibits conversion of testosterone to DHT; used in BPH and to promote hair growth
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histological findings in papillary thyroid carcinoma?
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"ground glass" (orphan annie) nuclei, calcified spherical bodies (psammoma bodies), intranuclear pseudoinclusion, nuclear grooves
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histological findings in advanced diabetic nephropathy?
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nodular glomerulosclerosis with thickened basement membranes
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glomeruli with wire-loop appearance and subendothelial basement membrane deposits?
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SLE
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actions of somatostatin?
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1. blocks GHRH effect in hypothalamic-pituitary axis
2. inhibits gastric acid secretion and slows gastric emptying (released from mucosal D cells) 3. reduces pancreatic release of glucagon and insulin |
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somatostatin analog?
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octreotide
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treatment of carcinoid tumor?
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octreotide (somatostatin analog)
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bromocriptine?
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dopamine agonist used to treat Parkinson's disease and prolactinomas of pituitary
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cardiac sequella of carcinoid syndrome?
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tricuspid regurgitation 2/2 high levels of serotonin
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acidophilic staining pituitary cells secrete what hormones?
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secrete GH and prolactin
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basophilic staining pituitary cells secrete what hormonies?
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FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
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signaling pathway used by GH, prolactin?
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receptor-associated tyrosine kinase (JAK/STAT pathway)
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signaling pathway used by insulin?
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instrinsic tyrosine kinase (MAP kinase pathway)
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signaling pathway used by vitamin D, estrogen?
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cytosolic steroid receptor (also used by testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone)
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signaling pathway used by GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH, TRH?
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IP3
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serum levels of what hormone are elevated in Addison's disease?
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ACTH (in response to decreased cordisol, aldosterone, androgen levels)
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treatment of de Quervain's subacute thyroiditis?
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NSAIDs or high dose aspirin
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embryologic origin of the thyroid?
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pharynx
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diagnostic test for acromegaly?
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lack of suppression of GH following glucose load
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