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288 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
"right dominant" heart?
|
posterior descending artery (supplies inferior portion of left ventricle) from RCA (80%)
|
|
|
"left dominant" heart?
|
posterior descending artery (supplies inferior portion of left ventricle) from circumflex artery (20%)
|
|
|
coronary artery that supplies posterior left ventricle?
|
circumflex artery (branch of left main)
|
|
|
coronary artery that supplies apex and anterior interventricular septum?
|
left anterior descending artery (LAD); branch of left main
|
|
|
coronary artery that supplies right ventricle?
|
Acute marginal artery (branch of RCA)
|
|
|
coronary artery that supplies posterior septum, AV/SA nodes?
|
posterior descending artery; branch of RCA (right dominant heart) or circumflex (left dominant)
|
|
|
most common site of coronary artery occlusion?
|
LAD
|
|
|
MAP formula?
|
2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure
|
|
|
pulse pressure is proportional to ____________?
|
stroke volume
|
|
|
three ways to increase stroke volume?
|
increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility
|
|
|
basic point of starling curve?
|
force of contraction is proportional to initial length of cardiac muscle fiber (preload)
|
|
|
site of most periperipheral resistance?
|
arterioles
|
|
|
holosystolic high pitched "blowing murmur", loudest at apex and radiates toward axilla
|
mitral regurgitation
|
|
|
holosystolic high pitched "blowing murmur", enhanced by squatting and expiration
|
mitral regurgitation
|
|
|
holosystolic high pitched "blowing murmur", loudest at lower left sternal border
|
tricuspid regurgitation
|
|
|
holosystolic high pitched "blowing murmur", enhanced by inspiration
|
tricuspid regurgitation
|
|
|
crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following click
|
aortic stenosis
|
|
|
holosystolic, harsh sounding murmur, loudest at lower left sternal border
|
VSD
|
|
|
late systolic crescendo murmur with midsystolic click
|
mitral prolapse
|
|
|
immediate high pitched blowing diastolic murmur
|
aortic regurgitation
|
|
|
opening snap with late diastolic murmur
|
mitral stenosis
|
|
|
continuous machine-like murmur
|
patent ductus arteriosus
|
|
|
electrolyte current responsible for pacemaker activity
|
If channels (sodium current)
|
|
|
causes of EKG U wave?
|
hypokalemia, bradycardia
|
|
|
cause of congenital long QT syndromes?
|
defects in cardiac sodium or potassium channels
|
|
|
cardiac complication of Lyme disease?
|
3rd degree heart block
|
|
|
trigger and pathway of aortic arch baroreceptors?
|
respond only to increased BP; transmits via vagus nerve to medulla
|
|
|
trigger and pathway of carotid sinus baroreceptors?
|
responds to increased or decreased BP; transmits via glossopharyngeal nerve to solitary nucleus of medulla
|
|
|
organ that receives largest share of systemic cardiac output?
|
liver
|
|
|
organ with highest blood flow per gram of tissue?
|
kidney
|
|
|
normal PCWP?
|
<12
|
|
|
normal right atrial pressure?
|
<5
|
|
|
normal pulmonary artery pressures?
|
<25/10
|
|
|
physiologic response to pulmonary hypoxia?
|
vasoconstriction (shuts off circulation of poorly-ventilated area to prevent VQ mismatch)
|
|
|
four components to tetralogy of fallot?
|
1. pulmonary stenosis
2. RVH 3. overriding aorta 4. VSD |
|
|
why does squatting improve symptoms in tetralogy of fallot?
|
compression of femoral arteries increases total peripheral resistance, thereby decreasing the right-to-left shunt
|
|
|
boot shaped heart on CXR?
|
tetralogy of fallot (RVH)
|
|
|
valvular problem associated with coartation of aorta?
|
bicuspid aortic valve
|
|
|
medication given to close PDA?
|
indomethacin
|
|
|
medication given to maintain open PDA?
|
prostaglandins (PGE)
|
|
|
cardiac defects associated with 22q11 syndromes?
|
truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot
|
|
|
cardiac defects associated with Down syndrome?
|
ASD, VSD, AV septal defect
|
|
|
cardiac defects associated with congenital rubella?
|
septal defects, PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis
|
|
|
cardiac defects associated with Turner syndrome
|
preductal coarctation of aorta
|
|
|
cardiac defects associated with Marfan's syndrome?
|
aortic insufficiency
|
|
|
cardiac defects associated with infant of diabetic mother?
|
transposition of great arteries
|
|
|
arcus sinilis?
|
lipid deposit in cornea; nonspecific sign of hyperlipidemia
|
|
|
early histologic sign of MI?
|
contraction bands visible after 12-24 hours; early coagulative necrosis after 4 hours; release of contents of necrotic cells into bloodstream and beginning of neutrophil emigration
|
|
|
histology 2-4 days post MI?
|
acute inflammation in tissue surrounding infarct; dilate vessels (hyperemia), neutrophil emigration, extensive coagulative necrosis in muscle
|
|
|
at what point post MI is there greatest risk for free wall rupture?
|
5-10 days
|
|
|
at what point post MI is there greatest risk for ventricular aneurysm?
|
7 weeks
|
|
|
timing of elevated troponin I after MI?
|
rises after 4 hours; elevated for 7-10 days
|
|
|
what part of myocardium is especially vulnerable to ischemia?
|
subendocardium
|
|
|
where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads V1-V4?
|
anterior wall (LAD)
|
|
|
where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads V1-V2?
|
anteroseptal (LAD)
|
|
|
where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads V4-V6?
|
anterolateral (LCX)
|
|
|
where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads I, aVL?
|
lateral wall (LCX)
|
|
|
where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads II, III, aVF?
|
inferior wall (RCA)
|
|
|
Dressler's syndrome?
|
autoimune phenomenon resulting in fibrinous pericarditis
|
|
|
cardiac sequella of Chagas disease?
|
dilated cardiomyopathy
|
|
|
cardiac pathology associated with Friedreich's ataxia?
|
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
|
|
|
concentric vs. eccentric hypertrophy?
|
concentric hypertrophy: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
eccentric hypertrophy: dilated cardiomyopathy |
|
|
systolic murmur and syncopal episodes with normal-sized heart?
|
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (hypertrophied IV septum obstructs outflow tract)
|
|
|
"heart failure" cells?
|
hemosiderin-laden macrophages in the lungs due to microhemorrhages from increased pulmonary capillary pressure
|
|
|
nutmeg liver?
|
histologic finding in hepatomegaly 2/2 congestive heart failure
|
|
|
Roth's spots?
|
round white spots on retina surrounded by hemorrhage; sign of bacterial endocarditis
|
|
|
Osler's nodes?
|
tender raised lesions on finger or toe pads; sign of bacterial endocarditis
|
|
|
Janeway lesions?
|
small erythematous lesions on palm or sole; sign of bacterial endocarditis
|
|
|
splinter hemorrhages on nail bed?
|
sign of bacterial endocarditis
|
|
|
bacteria known for causing bacterial endocarditis in colon cancer?
|
S. bovis
|
|
|
bacteria known for causing bacterial endocarditis on prosthetic valves?
|
S. epidermidis
|
|
|
endocarditis associated with SLE?
|
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (Sterile vegetations on both sides of valve)
|
|
|
valves most likely to be affected in rheumatic heart disease?
|
mitral > aortic >> tricuspid
|
|
|
granuloma with giant cells seen in rheumatic fever?
|
Aschoff bodies
|
|
|
activated histiocytes seen in rheumatic fever?
|
Anitschkow's cells
|
|
|
pulsus paradoxus?
|
exaggerated decrease in amplitude of pulse during inspiration. Seen in severe cardiac tamponade, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, pericarditis, croup
|
|
|
most common primary cardiac tumor in adults, location?
|
Myxoma; most in left atrium (cause "ball-valve" obstruction, associated with multiple syncopal episodes)
|
|
|
most frequent primary cardiac tumor in children?
|
Rhabdomyomas; associated with tuberous sclerosis
|
|
|
most common cardiac tumor?
|
metastases from melanoma and lymphoma
|
|
|
treatment for Wegener's granulomatosis?
|
Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
|
|
|
granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophila?
|
Churg-Strauss syndrome; pressents with asthma, sinusitis, skin lesions, peripheral neuropathy; p-ANCA
|
|
|
port wine stain on face associated with what congenital vascular disorder?
|
Sturge-Weber disease; other symptoms include ipsilateral intracerebral AVM, seizures, early-onset glaucoma
|
|
|
childhood systemic vasculitis associated with IgA nephropathy?
|
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
|
|
|
thrombosing vasculitis seen in heavy smokers?
|
Buerger's disease
|
|
|
immune-complex mediated transmural vasculitis associated with Hep B?
|
polyarteritis nodosa
|
|
|
fever, arthritis, skin nodules, weak pulses in upper extremities?
|
Takayasu's arteritis; associated with increased ESR
|
|
|
vasculidities associated with increased ESR?
|
Takayasu's arteritis
Temporal arteritis |
|
|
strawberry vs. cherry hemangioma?
|
strawberry - infancy, spontaneously regresses
cherry - elderly, does not regress |
|
|
vascular tumor associated with trauma and pregnancy, can ulcerate and bleed?
|
Pyogenic granuloma
|
|
|
vascular tumor associated with Turner syndrome?
|
cystic hygroma (cavernous lymphangioma of neck)
|
|
|
benigh, painful, red-blue tumor under fingernails?
|
glomus tumor
|
|
|
highly lethal vascular tumor of liver?
|
angiosarcoma; associated with vinyl chloride, arsenic, and ThO2 exposure
|
|
|
lymphatic malignancy associated with persistent lymphedema?
|
lymphangiosarcoma
|
|
|
MOA of hydralazine?
|
increases cGMP causing smooth muscle relaxation (arterioles > veins … afterload reduction)
|
|
|
examples of calcium channel blockers?
|
nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem
|
|
|
cardiac drugs used to treat raynaud's?
|
calcium channel blockers (nifedipine has greatest action on vascular smooth muscle > cardiac)
|
|
|
"right dominant" heart?
|
posterior descending artery (supplies inferior portion of left ventricle) from RCA (80%)
|
|
|
"left dominant" heart?
|
posterior descending artery (supplies inferior portion of left ventricle) from circumflex artery (20%)
|
|
|
coronary artery that supplies posterior left ventricle?
|
circumflex artery (branch of left main)
|
|
|
coronary artery that supplies apex and anterior interventricular septum?
|
left anterior descending artery (LAD); branch of left main
|
|
|
coronary artery that supplies right ventricle?
|
Acute marginal artery (branch of RCA)
|
|
|
coronary artery that supplies posterior septum?
|
posterior descending artery; branch of RCA (right dominant heart) or circumflex (left dominant)
|
|
|
most common site of coronary artery occlusion?
|
LAD
|
|
|
MAP formula?
|
2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure
|
|
|
pulse pressure is proportional to ____________?
|
stroke volume
|
|
|
three ways to increase stroke volume?
|
increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility
|
|
|
basic point of starling curve?
|
force of contraction is proportional to initial length of cardiac muscle fiber (preload)
|
|
|
site of most periperipheral resistance?
|
arterioles
|
|
|
holosystolic high pitched "blowing murmur", loudest at apex and radiates toward axilla
|
mitral regurgitation
|
|
|
holosystolic high pitched "blowing murmur", enhanced by squatting and expiration
|
mitral regurgitation
|
|
|
holosystolic high pitched "blowing murmur", loudest at lower left sternal border
|
tricuspid regurgitation
|
|
|
holosystolic high pitched "blowing murmur", enhanced by inspiration
|
tricuspid regurgitation
|
|
|
crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following click
|
aortic stenosis
|
|
|
holosystolic, harsh sounding murmur, loudest at lower left sternal border
|
VSD
|
|
|
late systolic crescendo murmur with midsystolic click
|
mitral prolapse
|
|
|
immediate high pitched blowing diastolic murmur
|
aortic regurgitation
|
|
|
opening snap with late diastolic murmur
|
mitral stenosis
|
|
|
continuous machine-like murmur
|
patent ductus arteriosus
|
|
|
electrolyte current responsible for pacemaker activity
|
If channels (sodium current)
|
|
|
causes of EKG U wave?
|
hypokalemia, bradycardia
|
|
|
cause of congenital long QT syndromes?
|
defects in cardiac sodium or potassium channels
|
|
|
cardiac complication of Lyme disease?
|
3rd degree heart block
|
|
|
trigger and pathway of aortic arch baroreceptors?
|
respond only to increased BP; transmits via vagus nerve to medulla
|
|
|
trigger and pathway of carotid sinus baroreceptors?
|
responds to increased or decreased BP; transmits via glossopharyngeal nerve to solitary nucleus of medulla
|
|
|
organ that receives largest share of systemic cardiac output?
|
liver
|
|
|
organ with highest blood flow per gram of tissue?
|
kidney
|
|
|
normal PCWP?
|
<12
|
|
|
normal right atrial pressure?
|
<5
|
|
|
normal pulmonary artery pressures?
|
<25/10
|
|
|
physiologic response to pulmonary hypoxia?
|
vasoconstriction (shuts off circulation of poorly-ventilated area to prevent VQ mismatch)
|
|
|
four components to tetralogy of fallot?
|
1. pulmonary stenosis
2. RVH 3. overriding aorta 4. VSD |
|
|
why does squatting improve symptoms in tetralogy of fallot?
|
compression of femoral arteries increases total peripheral resistance, thereby decreasing the right-to-left shunt
|
|
|
boot shaped heart on CXR?
|
tetralogy of fallot (RVH)
|
|
|
congenital valvular problem associated with coarctation of aorta?
|
bicuspid aortic valve
|
|
|
medication given to close PDA?
|
indomethacin
|
|
|
medication given to maintain open PDA?
|
prostaglandins (PGE)
|
|
|
cardiac defects associated with 22q11 syndromes?
|
truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot
|
|
|
cardiac defects associated with Down syndrome?
|
ASD, VSD, AV septal defect
|
|
|
cardiac defects associated with congenital rubella?
|
septal defects, PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis
|
|
|
cardiac defects associated with Turner syndrome
|
preductal coarctation of aorta
|
|
|
cardiac defects associated with Marfan's syndrome?
|
aortic insufficiency
|
|
|
cardiac defects associated with infant of diabetic mother?
|
transposition of great arteries
|
|
|
arcus sinilis?
|
lipid deposit in cornea; nonspecific sign of hyperlipidemia
|
|
|
early histologic sign of MI?
|
contraction bands visible after 12-24 hours; early coagulative necrosis after 4 hours; release of contents of necrotic cells into bloodstream and beginning of neutrophil emigration
|
|
|
histology 2-4 days post MI?
|
acute inflammation in tissue surrounding infarct; dilate vessels (hyperemia), neutrophil emigration, extensive coagulative necrosis in muscle
|
|
|
at what point post MI is there greatest risk for free wall rupture?
|
5-10 days
|
|
|
at what point post MI is there greatest risk for ventricular aneurysm?
|
7 weeks
|
|
|
timing of elevated troponin I after MI?
|
rises after 4 hours; elevated for 7-10 days
|
|
|
what part of myocardium is especially vulnerable to ischemia?
|
subendocardium
|
|
|
where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads V1-V4?
|
anterior wall (LAD)
|
|
|
where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads V1-V2?
|
anteroseptal (LAD)
|
|
|
where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads V4-V6?
|
anterolateral (LCX)
|
|
|
where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads I, aVL?
|
lateral wall (LCX)
|
|
|
where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads II, III, aVF?
|
inferior wall (RCA)
|
|
|
Dressler's syndrome?
|
autoimune phenomenon resulting in fibrinous pericarditis
|
|
|
cardiac sequella of Chagas disease?
|
dilated cardiomyopathy
|
|
|
cardiac pathology associated with Friedreich's ataxia?
|
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
|
|
|
concentric vs. eccentric hypertrophy?
|
concentric hypertrophy: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
eccentric hypertrophy: dilated cardiomyopathy |
|
|
systolic murmur and syncopal episodes with normal-sized heart?
|
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (hypertrophied IV septum obstructs outflow tract)
|
|
|
"heart failure" cells?
|
hemosiderin-laden macrophages in the lungs due to microhemorrhages from increased pulmonary capillary pressure
|
|
|
nutmeg liver?
|
histologic finding in hepatomegaly 2/2 congestive heart failure
|
|
|
Roth's spots?
|
round white spots on retina surrounded by hemorrhage; sign of bacterial endocarditis
|
|
|
Osler's nodes?
|
tender raised lesions on finger or toe pads; sign of bacterial endocarditis
|
|
|
Janeway lesions?
|
small erythematous lesions on palm or sole; sign of bacterial endocarditis
|
|
|
splinter hemorrhages on nail bed?
|
sign of bacterial endocarditis
|
|
|
bacteria known for causing bacterial endocarditis in colon cancer?
|
S. bovis
|
|
|
bacteria known for causing bacterial endocarditis on prosthetic valves?
|
S. epidermidis
|
|
|
endocarditis associated with SLE?
|
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (Sterile vegetations on both sides of valve)
|
|
|
valves most likely to be affected in rheumatic heart disease?
|
mitral > aortic >> tricuspid
|
|
|
granuloma with giant cells seen in rheumatic fever?
|
Aschoff bodies
|
|
|
activated histiocytes seen in rheumatic fever?
|
Anitschkow's cells
|
|
|
pulsus paradoxus?
|
exaggerated decrease in amplitude of pulse during inspiration. Seen in severe cardiac tamponade, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, pericarditis, croup
|
|
|
most common primary cardiac tumor in adults, location?
|
Myxoma; most in left atrium (cause "ball-valve" obstruction, associated with multiple syncopal episodes)
|
|
|
most frequent primary cardiac tumor in children?
|
Rhabdomyomas; associated with tuberous sclerosis
|
|
|
most common cardiac tumor?
|
metastases from melanoma and lymphoma
|
|
|
treatment for Wegener's granulomatosis?
|
Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
|
|
|
granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophila?
|
Churg-Strauss syndrome; pressents with asthma, sinusitis, skin lesions, peripheral neuropathy; p-ANCA
|
|
|
port wine stain on face associated with what congenital vascular disorder?
|
Sturge-Weber disease; other symptoms include ipsilateral intracerebral AVM, seizures, early-onset glaucoma
|
|
|
childhood systemic vasculitis associated with IgA nephropathy?
|
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
|
|
|
thrombosing vasculitis seen in heavy smokers?
|
Buerger's disease
|
|
|
immune-complex mediated transmural vasculitis associated with Hep B?
|
polyarteritis nodosa
|
|
|
fever, arthritis, skin nodules, weak pulses in upper extremities?
|
Takayasu's arteritis; associated with increased ESR
|
|
|
vasculidities associated with increased ESR?
|
Takayasu's arteritis
Temporal arteritis |
|
|
strawberry vs. cherry hemangioma?
|
strawberry - infancy, spontaneously regresses
cherry - elderly, does not regress |
|
|
vascular tumor associated with trauma and pregnancy, can ulcerate and bleed?
|
Pyogenic granuloma
|
|
|
vascular tumor associated with Turner syndrome?
|
cystic hygroma (cavernous lymphangioma of neck)
|
|
|
benigh, painful, red-blue tumor under fingernails?
|
glomus tumor
|
|
|
highly lethal vascular tumor of liver?
|
angiosarcoma; associated with vinyl chloride, arsenic, and ThO2 exposure
|
|
|
lymphatic malignancy associated with persistent lymphedema?
|
lymphangiosarcoma
|
|
|
MOA of hydralazine?
|
increases cGMP causing smooth muscle relaxation (arterioles > veins … afterload reduction)
|
|
|
examples of calcium channel blockers?
|
nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem
|
|
|
cardiac drugs used to treat raynaud's?
|
calcium channel blockers (nifedipine has greatest action on vascular smooth muscle > cardiac)
|
|
|
"right dominant" heart?
|
posterior descending artery (supplies inferior portion of left ventricle) from RCA (80%)
|
|
|
"left dominant" heart?
|
posterior descending artery (supplies inferior portion of left ventricle) from circumflex artery (20%)
|
|
|
coronary artery that supplies posterior left ventricle?
|
circumflex artery (branch of left main)
|
|
|
coronary artery that supplies apex and anterior interventricular septum?
|
left anterior descending artery (LAD); branch of left main
|
|
|
coronary artery that supplies right ventricle?
|
Acute marginal artery (branch of RCA)
|
|
|
coronary artery that supplies posterior septum, AV/SA nodes?
|
posterior descending artery; branch of RCA (right dominant heart) or circumflex (left dominant)
|
|
|
most common site of coronary artery occlusion?
|
LAD
|
|
|
MAP formula?
|
2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure
|
|
|
pulse pressure is proportional to ____________?
|
stroke volume
|
|
|
three ways to increase stroke volume?
|
increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility
|
|
|
basic point of starling curve?
|
force of contraction is proportional to initial length of cardiac muscle fiber (preload)
|
|
|
site of most periperipheral resistance?
|
arterioles
|
|
|
holosystolic high pitched "blowing murmur", loudest at apex and radiates toward axilla
|
mitral regurgitation
|
|
|
holosystolic high pitched "blowing murmur", enhanced by squatting and expiration
|
mitral regurgitation
|
|
|
holosystolic high pitched "blowing murmur", loudest at lower left sternal border
|
tricuspid regurgitation
|
|
|
holosystolic high pitched "blowing murmur", enhanced by inspiration
|
tricuspid regurgitation
|
|
|
crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following click
|
aortic stenosis
|
|
|
holosystolic, harsh sounding murmur, loudest at lower left sternal border
|
VSD
|
|
|
late systolic crescendo murmur with midsystolic click
|
mitral prolapse
|
|
|
immediate high pitched blowing diastolic murmur
|
aortic regurgitation
|
|
|
opening snap with late diastolic murmur
|
mitral stenosis
|
|
|
continuous machine-like murmur
|
patent ductus arteriosus
|
|
|
electrolyte current responsible for pacemaker activity
|
If channels (sodium current)
|
|
|
causes of EKG U wave?
|
hypokalemia, bradycardia
|
|
|
cause of congenital long QT syndromes?
|
defects in cardiac sodium or potassium channels
|
|
|
cardiac complication of Lyme disease?
|
3rd degree heart block
|
|
|
trigger and pathway of aortic arch baroreceptors?
|
respond only to increased BP; transmits via vagus nerve to medulla
|
|
|
trigger and pathway of carotid sinus baroreceptors?
|
responds to increased or decreased BP; transmits via glossopharyngeal nerve to solitary nucleus of medulla
|
|
|
organ that receives largest share of systemic cardiac output?
|
liver
|
|
|
organ with highest blood flow per gram of tissue?
|
kidney
|
|
|
normal PCWP?
|
<12
|
|
|
normal right atrial pressure?
|
<5
|
|
|
normal pulmonary artery pressures?
|
<25/10
|
|
|
physiologic response to pulmonary hypoxia?
|
vasoconstriction (shuts off circulation of poorly-ventilated area to prevent VQ mismatch)
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four components to tetralogy of fallot?
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1. pulmonary stenosis
2. RVH 3. overriding aorta 4. VSD |
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why does squatting improve symptoms in tetralogy of fallot?
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compression of femoral arteries increases total peripheral resistance, thereby decreasing the right-to-left shunt
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boot shaped heart on CXR?
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tetralogy of fallot (RVH)
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valvular problem associated with coartation of aorta?
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bicuspid aortic valve
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medication given to close PDA?
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indomethacin
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medication given to maintain open PDA?
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prostaglandins (PGE)
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cardiac defects associated with 22q11 syndromes?
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truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot
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cardiac defects associated with Down syndrome?
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ASD, VSD, AV septal defect
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cardiac defects associated with congenital rubella?
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septal defects, PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis
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cardiac defects associated with Turner syndrome
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preductal coarctation of aorta
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cardiac defects associated with Marfan's syndrome?
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aortic insufficiency
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cardiac defects associated with infant of diabetic mother?
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transposition of great arteries
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arcus sinilis?
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lipid deposit in cornea; nonspecific sign of hyperlipidemia
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early histologic sign of MI?
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contraction bands visible after 12-24 hours; early coagulative necrosis after 4 hours; release of contents of necrotic cells into bloodstream and beginning of neutrophil emigration
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histology 2-4 days post MI?
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acute inflammation in tissue surrounding infarct; dilate vessels (hyperemia), neutrophil emigration, extensive coagulative necrosis in muscle
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at what point post MI is there greatest risk for free wall rupture?
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5-10 days
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at what point post MI is there greatest risk for ventricular aneurysm?
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7 weeks
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timing of elevated troponin I after MI?
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rises after 4 hours; elevated for 7-10 days
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what part of myocardium is especially vulnerable to ischemia?
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subendocardium
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where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads V1-V4?
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anterior wall (LAD)
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where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads V1-V2?
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anteroseptal (LAD)
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where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads V4-V6?
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anterolateral (LCX)
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where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads I, aVL?
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lateral wall (LCX)
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where is infarct if Q waves are present in leads II, III, aVF?
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inferior wall (RCA)
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Dressler's syndrome?
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autoimune phenomenon resulting in fibrinous pericarditis
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cardiac sequella of Chagas disease?
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dilated cardiomyopathy
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cardiac pathology associated with Friedreich's ataxia?
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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concentric vs. eccentric hypertrophy?
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concentric hypertrophy: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
eccentric hypertrophy: dilated cardiomyopathy |
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systolic murmur and syncopal episodes with normal-sized heart?
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (hypertrophied IV septum obstructs outflow tract)
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"heart failure" cells?
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hemosiderin-laden macrophages in the lungs due to microhemorrhages from increased pulmonary capillary pressure
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nutmeg liver?
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histologic finding in hepatomegaly 2/2 congestive heart failure
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Roth's spots?
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round white spots on retina surrounded by hemorrhage; sign of bacterial endocarditis
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Osler's nodes?
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tender raised lesions on finger or toe pads; sign of bacterial endocarditis
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Janeway lesions?
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small erythematous lesions on palm or sole; sign of bacterial endocarditis
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splinter hemorrhages on nail bed?
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sign of bacterial endocarditis
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bacteria known for causing bacterial endocarditis in colon cancer?
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S. bovis
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bacteria known for causing bacterial endocarditis on prosthetic valves?
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S. epidermidis
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endocarditis associated with SLE?
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Libman-Sacks endocarditis (Sterile vegetations on both sides of valve)
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valves most likely to be affected in rheumatic heart disease?
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mitral > aortic >> tricuspid
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granuloma with giant cells seen in rheumatic fever?
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Aschoff bodies
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activated histiocytes seen in rheumatic fever?
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Anitschkow's cells
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pulsus paradoxus?
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exaggerated decrease in amplitude of pulse during inspiration. Seen in severe cardiac tamponade, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, pericarditis, croup
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most common primary cardiac tumor in adults, location?
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Myxoma; most in left atrium (cause "ball-valve" obstruction, associated with multiple syncopal episodes)
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most frequent primary cardiac tumor in children?
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Rhabdomyomas; associated with tuberous sclerosis
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most common cardiac tumor?
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metastases from melanoma and lymphoma
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treatment for Wegener's granulomatosis?
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Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
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granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophila?
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Churg-Strauss syndrome; pressents with asthma, sinusitis, skin lesions, peripheral neuropathy; p-ANCA
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port wine stain on face associated with what congenital vascular disorder?
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Sturge-Weber disease; other symptoms include ipsilateral intracerebral AVM, seizures, early-onset glaucoma
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childhood systemic vasculitis associated with IgA nephropathy?
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Henoch-Schonlein purpura
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thrombosing vasculitis seen in heavy smokers?
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Buerger's disease
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immune-complex mediated transmural vasculitis associated with Hep B?
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polyarteritis nodosa
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fever, arthritis, skin nodules, weak pulses in upper extremities?
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Takayasu's arteritis; associated with increased ESR
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vasculidities associated with increased ESR?
|
Takayasu's arteritis
Temporal arteritis |
|
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strawberry vs. cherry hemangioma?
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strawberry - infancy, spontaneously regresses
cherry - elderly, does not regress |
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vascular tumor associated with trauma and pregnancy, can ulcerate and bleed?
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Pyogenic granuloma
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vascular tumor associated with Turner syndrome?
|
cystic hygroma (cavernous lymphangioma of neck)
|
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benigh, painful, red-blue tumor under fingernails?
|
glomus tumor
|
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highly lethal vascular tumor of liver?
|
angiosarcoma; associated with vinyl chloride, arsenic, and ThO2 exposure
|
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lymphatic malignancy associated with persistent lymphedema?
|
lymphangiosarcoma
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MOA of hydralazine?
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increases cGMO causing smooth muscle relaxation (arterioles > veins … afterload reduction)
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examples of calcium channel blockers?
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nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem
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cardiac drugs used to treat raynaud's?
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calcium channel blockers (nifedipine has greatest action on vascular smooth muscle > cardiac)
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