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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Causes of Eosinophilia
NAACP |
Neoplasia
Asthma Allergy Collagen vascular diseases Parasites |
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Embryology Week of 2's
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Week 2
2 layered trophoblast (cyto-/syncitio-) 2 layered embryoblast (epi-/hypo-) 2 fluid cavities (amniotic, yolk sac) |
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Embryology Week of 3's
Gastrulation |
3 embryonic layers
ectoderm: cns/pns, epidermis, sensory epithelium mesoderm: musc/bone/CT, vessels, blood, GU endoderm: GI, glands, lungs, trachea, liver, pancreas |
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Fetal Erythropoiesis
Young Liver Synthesizes Blood |
Yolk Sac wk 3-8
Liver wk 6-30 Spleen wk 9-28 Bone Marrow wk 28+ |
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5 secondary vesicles of neural tube
Tell Diane she Messed up when she Met My brother |
Telencephalon
Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myencephalon |
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1st branchial arch derivatives
1st arch is MAXimal |
MAXillary and sphenopalatine artery
MAXilla, Mandible, Incus,Malleus Masseter, Medial Pterygoid, teMporalis, ant belly of digastric, tensor veli palatini, tensor tempani CN V2,V3 trigeminal |
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2nd branchial arch derivatives
Second starts with S |
Stapedial and hyoid artery
Stapes, superior horn of the hyoid Stapedius, facial muscles, post belly of digastric CN VII facial |
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3rd branchial arch derivatives
C is the 3rd letter |
Common Carotid and ICA
inferior horn of hyoid stylopharyngeus CN IX glossopharyngeal inferior parathyroid glands and thymus |
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4th branchial arch derivatives
4th supplies 4 limbs Fourth is for Food |
aortic arch and right subclavian
thyroid/cricoid/arytenoid cartilage pharyngeal constrictors superior parathyroid glands CN X |
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6th branchial arch derivatives
Sixth is for Singing |
Pulmonary artery, PDA
intrinic laryngeal muscles CN X (recurrent laryngeal nerve) |
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Diaphragm Embryology
Several Parts Build the Diaphragm |
Septum transversum
Pleuroperiotoneal folds Body wall mesoderm Dorsal mesentery of esophagus |
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Mekel's Diverticulum Rule of 2s
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2 inches long
2 feet from iliocecal valve 2% of population 2 years old and younger 2 types of epithelia (pancreatic or oxyntic) 2 symptoms: bleeding or obstruction |
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Mesonephric/Wolffian Duct derivatives
SEED |
Seminal Vesicles
Epididymis Ejaculatory duct Ductus deferens |
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Potter's Disease
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Babies with Potter's can't Pee, have Pulmonary hyPoPlasia
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Dermatomes: T4, T10, L1, L4
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T4 at the Teat Pore
T10 at the belly butTEN L1 at IL (Inguinal Ligament) L4 = down on all fours (knee) |
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Rotator cuff muscles
Humerus SItS in shoulder joint |
Supraspinatus (Abd)
Infraspinatus & Teres Minor (Add, Lat rot) Subscapularis (Add, Med rot) |
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Bronchopulmonary segments
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Arteries run with Airways
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Femoral triangle contains:
lateral to medial |
NAVEL - nerve, artery, vein, empty space, lymphatics
artery and vein within femoral sheath |
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INdirect hernia
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through INguinal canal INto scrotum, occurs in INfants due to failed closure of processus vaginalis (lateral to inf epigastric vessels)
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Portal Systemic Anastamoses
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Gut, Butt, and Caput
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Ureter course: Water under the bridge
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Pass under uterine artery and ductus deferens
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Male Sexual Response and the ANS: Point and Shoot
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Parasympathetic - arousal
Sympathetic - Ejaculation |
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Peripheral Nerve Layer: perineurium
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Permeability barrier
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Sensory Corpuscles:
My Frend Deb Pours Coffee and Vanilla Latte's |
Meissner's, Fine touch, in Dermis
Pacinian, Course touch and Vibration, in Ligaments |
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Inner ear fluid compositions
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Perilymph needs Potassium
eNdolymph needs Na |
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Collagen types
Be (So Totally) Cool Read Books |
type I: Bone, Skin, Tendon
type II: Cartilage type III: Reticular fibers type IV: Basement membrane |
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Epidermal layers:
Californians Like Girls in String Bikinis |
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basalis |
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Adrenal Cortex layers: GFR
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zona Glomerulosa: Aldo
zona Fasciculata: Cortisol zona Reticularis: Androgens |
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Peyer's Patch product: IgA
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Intra-Gut Antibody: produced by plasma cells in lamina propria
Dimer with secretory (J) component secreted into lumen by enterocytes Induced via M cell IL-5 |
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Lower extremity nerve injury:
PED/TIP |
Peroneal (L4-S2) nerve everts and dorsiflexes
injury leads to foot drop Tibial nerve (L4-S3) inverts and plantarflexes injuries reduce tip-toeing |
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Blood Brain Barrier: protected by the CIA
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Choroid plexus epithelium
(cuboidal cells with tight jxns) Intracerebral Capillary Epithelium (BL, fenestrated endothelium) Arachnoid mater |
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Hypothalamic functions:
TAN HATS |
Thirst (ADH-suproptic)
Adenohypophysis (releasing factors) Neurohypophysis (oxytocin) Hunger, satiety (lateral, ventromedial) Autonomics (parasymp = anterior, circadian = suprachiasmatic) Temperature (anterior = heat loss, posterior = heat production) Sexuality (Septate nucleus) |
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Thirst and Sleep control centers: drink warm milk before bed
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Supraoptic (rostral to suprachiasmatic) = ADH
Suprachiasmatic = circadian rhythm |
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Body temperature control:
A/C and Poikilotherms |
Anterior = Cooling
lesions to the Posterior nuclues = inability to raise temperature (poikilotherm, aka cold-blooded) |
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Thalamic nuclei functions: LGN and MGN
VPL and VPM |
LateralGN to Look
MedialGN for Music VPLateral = sensation from legs (and body) VPMedial = sensation from mouth (and face) |
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Aphasias
Broca's Wernicke's Arcuate Fasciculus |
BROca lesions = BROken mouth
Wernicke's = Wordy, no sensibility/comprehension aRcuate fasciculus = no Repetition |
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Cranial Foramina:
Obviously, Standing Room Only, Silly, At Jenn's Half-Marathon |
Optic canal (CN II, opthalmic a, retinal v)
Superior orbital fissure (CN III,IV,V1,VI, ophthalmic v) foramen Rotundum (CN V2) foramen Ovale (CN V3) foramen Spinosum (middle meningeal a) internal Auditory meatus (CN VII,VIII) Jugular foramen (CN IX,X,XI, IJV) Hypoglossal canal (CN XII) foramen Magnum (medulla, vertebral a) |
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CN functions: Sensory, Motor, or Both
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Some
Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most |
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Vagal nuclei: the vagus wanders because it's SAD
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nucleus Solitarius - visceral sensory (taste/GI)
nucleus Ambiguus - somatic motor (pharynx/larynx) Dorsal motor nucleus - parasympathetic reflexes |
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Dorsal Column organization
Fasciculi Gracilis and Cuneatus |
graciLis = Leg
cuneAtus = Arm |
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Bell's Palsy causes:
ALexander Bell with STD |
AIDS
Lyme Disease Sarcoidosis Tumor Diabetes with central lesions: remember b/l innervation to upper face |
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Radial nerve innervates the BEST muscles
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Brachioradialis
Extensors of Wrist/Fingers Supinator Triceps |
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Forearm Supination
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to hold a bowl of SoUP
innervated by radial n. |
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Sensitivity vs. Specificity
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SNOUT - Sn rules out (few false pos)
= true pos/dz prev SPIN - Sp rules in (few false neg) = true neg/health prev |
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Reportable Diseases:
B A SSSMMART Cookie or you're Gone |
hep B
hep A Salmonella Shigella Syphilis Measles Mumps AIDS Rubella TB Chickenpox Gonorrhea |
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Risk factors for suicide completion:
SAD PERSONS |
Sex (male)
Age Depression Previous attempts Ethanol abuse Rational thought Sickness Organized plan No spouse Social support lacking |
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Informed Concent:
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Patient agrees
Discuss pertinent info Free from coersion |
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APGAR score
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Appearance
Pulse rate Grimace reflex Activity/muscle tone Respiration |
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Developmental Milestones:
1, 2, 3, 4 |
1 yr - plays alone
2 yrs - 2 play parallel (side by side) 3 yrs - 3 play in group 4 yrs - 4 play as teams (cooperative) |
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Kubler Ross dying stages:
Death Arrives Bringing Grave Adjustments |
Denial
Anger Bargaining Grieving Acceptance |
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Sleep Stages:
at night, BATS Drink Blood |
awake, eyes open = beta waves
awake, eyes closed = alpha waves light sleep = theta waves deep sleep = sleep spindles deeper/nonREM = delta waves REM sleep = beta waves |
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Major depressive episode:
SIGECAPS |
depressed mood OR anhedonia
with 5 of the following, lasting 2+ wks: Sleep disturbance Interest decreased Energy Guilt decreased Concentration decreased Appetite altered Psychomotor retardation Suicidal ideation |
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Manic Episode:
DIG FAST |
3 of the following, lasting 1+ wk:
Distractability Insomnia Grandiosity Flight of Ideas Activity (increased goal-setting) Speech (rapid, pressured) Thoughtless pleasure-seeking |
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Infant Deprivation Effects:
4 W's |
Weak, Wordless, Wanting (socially), and Wary
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PANIC disorder
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4 of the following:
Palpitations Abd distress Nausea Increased perspiration Chest pain/chills/choking |
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Personality Disorders:
Clusters A, B, C = Weird, Wild, Worried |
A (Weird)
Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal B (Wild) Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic C (Worried) Avoidant, Obsessive-Compulsive, Dependent |
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Schizophrenia: 5 A's
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Ambivalence (uncertainty)
Autism (self preoccupation) Affect (blunted) Associations (loose) Auditory hallucinations |
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Mature Ego defenses:
Mature women wear a SASH |
Sublimation (finding new outlets)
Altruism (guilt -> giving) Suppression Humor |
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Nucleotides
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PURines are PURe As Gold - adenine/guanine
CUT the PY for PYrimidines - cytosine/thymidine/uracil |
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Types of RNA
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mRNA is massive in size
rRNA is rampant in quantity tRNA is tiny in size |
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RNA polymerases
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1, 2, 3 - RMT
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Start and Stop codons
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start: AUG = are you going?
stop: UGA = u go away, UAA - u are away, UAG = u are gone |
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Introns and extrons
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INtrons stay in nucleus
EXons EXit the nucleus as mature mRNA |
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ATP and GTP in translation
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ATP for tRNA Activation (charging)
GTP for tRNA Gripping (binding) and Going (translocation) |
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Molecular Biology Blots:
SNoW DRoP |
Southern = DNA-DNA
Northern = RNA-DNA Western = Protein+Ab Southwestern = Protein-DNA |
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Imprinting Diseases:
angelMan's and Prader-willi |
angelMan's = Maternal
Prader-willi = Paternal |
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TCA cycle: Cindy Is Kind So She's Friendly More Often
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Citrate
Isocitrate alpha Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate |
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Essential Amino Acids:
PriVaTe TIM HALL |
Phenylalanine
Valine Tryptophan Threonine Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Leusine Lysine |
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Cystinuria: COLA
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defect in renal tubular transporter for:
cystine, ornithine, lysine, arginine |
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Maple Syrup Urine Disease:
I Love Vermont Maple Syrup |
branched chain aa accumulation
defect in alpha ketoglu dehydrogenase Isoleucine Leucine Valine |
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5 P's of Porphyria
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Painful abdomen
Pink urine Polyneuropathy Psychiatric disturbances Precipitated by drugs |
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Glycogen storage diseases:
Very Poor Carbohydrate Metabolism |
Von Gierke - glucose6Pase def
>hypogly, inc glycogen, hyperlipidemia, lactic acidosis Pompe's - a1,4 glucosidase def >cardiomegaly/myopathy, hepatomegaly Cori's -a1,6 glucosidase def McArdle's - musc glycogenPase def >inc glycogen, musc cramps, myoglobinuria |
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Lesch Nyan Syndrome (LNS)
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Lacks Nucleotide Salvage (via HGPRT)
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Apolipoproteins: A, B, C, E
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A - Activates LCAT
B - Binds LDL R C - Cofactor for lipoprotein lipase E - Extra/remnant uptake |
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Thiamine Deficiency (Vit B1)
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Ber1 Ber1
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Riboflavin deficiency (Vit B2): 2 C's
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cheilosis, corneal vascularization
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Niacin deficiency (Vit B3): 3 D's
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Dermatitis, Dementia, Diarrhea
and beefy glossitis from tryptophan |
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Causes of Hypercalcemia: MISHAP
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Malignancy
Intoxication with Vit D Sarcoidosis Hyperparathyroidism Alkali syndrome Paget's Dz of bone |
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Vitamin E
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Erythrocyte antioxidant
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Gram Stain Limitations:
These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color |
Treponema
Rickettsia Mycobacteria Mycoplasma Legionella pneumophilia Chlamydia |
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Fermentation:
N. MeninGitidis and N. Gonorrhea |
Ferment:
Maltose and Glucose or just Glucose |
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Obligate Aerobes:
Nagging Pests Must Breathe |
Nocardia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus anthracis |
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Strep Pneumo:
AEIOU |
Alpha hemolytic
Encapsulated IgA proteases Optochin sensitive quellUng rxn+ |
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Viridans Strep is not afraid of-the-chin
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Optochin resistant
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Clostridium species toxings
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TETanus causes TETany/spastic paralysis
BOTulinum is found in BOTtled and canned food PERFringens PERForates tissues via lecithinase DIfficile causes DIarrhea |
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Treating Nocardia and Actinomyces: SNAP
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Sulfa drugs for Nocardia
Actinomyces = PCN G |
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Enterobactericeae characteristics:
COFFEe |
Capsular
O antigen (LPS polysaccharide) Flagellar Ag Ferment glucose Enterobactericeae |
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hAEMOPhilus diseases
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Arthritis (septic)
Epiglottitis Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia |
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Legionella Pneumophilia:
French Legionnaire wearing silver helmet, sitting next to campfire with iron dagger - he's no sissy |
Legionella
Silver stain Charcoal medium with Fe/Cystine supplements |
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PSEUDomonas diseases
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Pneumonia (CF pts)
Sepsis (black skin lesions) External otitis (swimmer's ear) UTI Dermal burn infxn |
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Lactose fermenting enterobactericeae:
Lactose is KEE |
Klebsiella
E. Coli Enterobacter |
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Zoonotic bacteria:
Bugs From Your Pet |
Borrelia burgdorferi
Lyme dz, ixodes tick from deer Brucella Undulant fever, unpasteurized dairy Francisella Tularensis fleas of rabbits/deer Yersinia Pestis The Plague, fleas from rodents Pasteurella multocida Cellulitis, animal bites |
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Chlamydial triad:
VHF |
Vasculitis (rash)
Headache Fever |
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Rickettsial endemic tyPHus v.
Rocky mtn Spotted fever |
tyPHus: rash w/ centriPHugal spread
sPotted fever: rash w/ centriPetal spread begins on palms and soles |
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VDRL false positives
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Viruses
Drugs Rheumatic fever/arthritis Lupus or Leprosy |
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Blastomyces appearance
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Big, Broad-Based, Budding yeast
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DNA viruses:
HHAPPPy Naked PAP |
Hepadnaviridae
Herpesvirus Adenovirus (naked) Papovavirus (naked) Parvovirus (naked) Poxvirus |
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Mumps = mOMPs
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Orchitis
Meningitis Parotitis |
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Measles: 3 C's
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Coryza
Cough Conjunctivitis |
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Herpes:
get herpes in a CHEVrolet |
CMV
HSV 1 & 2 EBV VZV |
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Congenital CMV infxn:
patients can't go HOME |
Hepatoslenoomegaly
Ototoxicity Microcephaly Ears (deafness) |
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Hepatitis Viruses: ABCDE
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A = Asymptomatic
B = Blood borne C = Chronic, Cirrhosis D = Dependent on B E = Expectant mothers |
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Interleukins:
Hot T-BONE stEAk |
IL1 - pyrogen = Hot
IL2 - from T cells IL3 - induces BONE marrow diff'n IL4 - induces IgE and IgG IL5 - induces IgA |
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Hypersensitivities I - IV:
ACID |
I - Anaphylaxis, Atopic
II - Cytotoxic III - Immune Complex IV - Delayed Hypersensitivity |
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BRUTon's agammaglobulinemia
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Boys (x-linked Recessive)
Underproduction of Igs Tyrosine kinase deficiency |
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Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome:
WIPE |
Wiskott
IgM deficiency Pyogenic infections Eczema |
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Ampicillin coverage:
HELPS kill Enterococcus |
H. Flu
E. Coli Listeria Proteus Salmonella/Shigella Enterococcus |
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1st generation Cephalosporins:
PEcK |
Proteus
E. Coli Klebsiella |
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2nd generation Cephalosporins:
HEN PEcKS |
H. flu
Enterobacter Neisseria Proteus E. Coli Klebsiella Serratia |
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Protein synthesis inhibitors:
buy AT 30, SCELL at 50 |
bind 30 S ribosomal subunit:
Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines bind 50S ribosomal subunit: Synercid Chloramphenicol Erythromycin cLindamycin Linezolid |
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Vancomycin:
NOT a lot of side effects |
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity Thrombophlebitis |
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Tetracyclines:
VACUUM Before TRL |
Vibrio Cholera
Acne Chlamydia Ureaplasma Urealyticum Mycoplasma Borrelia Tularemia Rickettsia Leptospira |
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Trimethoprim (TMP):
Treats Marrow Poorly |
megaloblastic anemia
leukopenia granulocytopenia |
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FluoroquinolONES
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hurt your bONES:
cartilage damage in fetus/children tendonitis and rupture in adults |
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Metronidazole:
GET on the Metro for BCG |
Giardia
Enameoba Trichomonas Bacteroides Clostridium Diff Gardnerella Vaginalis |
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INH
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injures neurons and hepatocytes
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Rifampin: 4 R's
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RNA polymerase inhibitor
Revs up p450 Red/orange secretions Rapid resistance if used alone |
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Anti-TB drugs:
help you RESPIrE |
Rifampin
Ethambutol Streptomycin Pyrazinamide INH Ethionamide all hepatotoxic! |