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63 Cards in this Set
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superantigens
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bind directly to MHC II and T cell receptor, activating large numbers of T cells to stimulate release IFN-gamma and IL-2
ex: S. aureus TSST-1 causes TSS Scarlet fever do this by cross linking the variable beta region of the T cell receptor outside of the MHC II molecules on APCs |
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ADP Ribosylating AB Toxins
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interfere with host cell function
B binding component binds to a receptor on surface of host cell, enabling endocytosis A active component then attaches to ADP ribosyl to a host cell protein altering protein function Ex: Diptheriae, vibrio cholera, E. coli-heat labile toxin Pertusis-stimulates adenylate cyclase |
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C. botulinum toxin
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blocks the release of Ach-CNS paralysis
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Endotoxin
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lipopolysaccharide found on cell wall of gram negative bacteria
Activates macs--> IL-1(fever), TNF(hemorrhagic tissue necrosis, fever), Nitric Oxide(hypotension) Activates complement-alternative pthway-C3a(hypotension,edema), C5a(neutrohil chemotaxis) Hageman factor-Coagulation cascade(DIC) |
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toxins encoded in a lysogenic phage
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botulinum toxin, cholera toxin, diptheria toxin, erythrogenic toxin of streptococcus pyogenes
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conjugation
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direct cell to cell DNA transfer, chromosomal or plasmid
prokaryotic can occur between unrelated bacteria transfer of abx resistance and virulence factors Order of transfer is from the oriT to the tra operon sequence, genes closest to oriT and farthest from tra operon are transferred |
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transduction
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phage mediated cell to cell DNA transfer, any gene in generalized transduction, only certain genes in specialized (ex: phage lambda in E. coli)
Prokaryotic |
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transformation
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purified DNA taken up by a cell-any DNA
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic Ex: exp with mice-dead encapsulated + live unencapsulated --> dead mice with live unencapsulated bacteria |
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Transposition
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DNA transfer to same or another chromosome or plasmid within a cell-transposon- can insert selves into donor chrom without homology
prokaryotic and eukaryotic if carry abx resistance can move to plasmid of different bacteria--> rapid spread of resistance |
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obligate anaerobes
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O2 dep system to gen ATP
Nocardia, psuedomonas, Tb, bacillus |
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obligate anaerobes
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no enzymes to defend against O2
clostridium, bacteriodes, actinomyces |
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obligate intracellular
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can't make own ATP
Rickettsia, Chlamydia |
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Encapsulated
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s. pnuemo, hib, n.meningitis
capsule serves antigen in vaccines |
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cAMP inducers
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Vibrio cholerae-permanently activates Gs causing rice water diarrhea
Pertussis toxin- permanently disables Gs causing whooping cough E. coli heat labie toxin- act via ADP ribosylation that permanently activates adneylate cyclase--> increase cAMP Bacillus anthracis toxin- composed of an edema factor, a bacterial adenylate cyclase increases cAMP |
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Coccidiodomycosis
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endemic to southwest US
Spherules filled with endospores dimorphic |
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Histoplasmosis
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systemic mycoses endemic to Mississippi and Ohio River valleys
intracellular inside macrophages dimorphic |
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Paracoccidiomycosis
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endemic to rural Latin America
dimorphic Captain's wheel appearence |
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Blastomycosis
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Endemic to states east of Mississippi River and Central America
Broad based budding dimorphic |
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Candida albicans
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thrush in immunocomp'd
psuedohyphae and budding yeasts |
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Aspergillus fumigatus
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allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosus, lung cavity aspergilloma, invasive aspergillosis
mold with septate hyphae that branch at a V-shaped angle not dimorphic |
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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cryptococcal meningitis, cryptococcosis
heavily encapsulated yeast stains with India ink latex agglutination test detects polysaccharide capsular antigen narrow based, unequal budding |
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Mucor and Rhizopus
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mold with irregular nonseptate hyphae branching at wide angles
Dz in DKA and leukemic pts can prolif in walls of blood vessels and cause distal infarction Rhinocerebral, frontal lobe abcess |
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Taenia solium
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undercooked pork tapeworm
larvae cause mass lesions in the brain-cysticercosis Tx praziquantel/niclosamide, albendazole for cysticercosis |
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Echinococcus granulosus
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tapeworm
egg in dog feces when ingested-cysts in liver causes anaphylaxis if echococcal antigens are released from cysts tx with albendazole |
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Schistoma
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fluke-snails are ost
cercariae penetrate skin of humans granulomas, fibrosis, inflamation in spleen and liver tx with praziquantel |
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clonorchis sinensis
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fluke-undercooked fish
inflamation of the biliary tract Tx with praziquantel |
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Paragonimus westermani
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fluke-undercooked crab meat
inflammation and secondary bacterial infection of the lung Tx with praziquantel |
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Ancylostoma duodenale
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hookworm
larvae penetrate skin of feet intestinal infection can cause anemia tx with mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate |
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ascaris lumbricoides
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giant white roundworm
eggs are visible in feces intestinal infection ingestion of human fecally contaminated food---ewww!!! tx with mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate |
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enterobius vermicularis
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pinworm
food contaminated with eggs intestinal infection, anal pruritus (Scotch tape test) tx mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate |
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Stonguloides stercoralis
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roundworm
larvae in soil penetrate the skin intestinal infection tx with Ivermectin/thiabendazole |
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Trichinella spiralis
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undercooked meat, usually pork
inflammation of muscle periorbital edema tx with thiabendazole |
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Dracunculus medinensis
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roundworm
in drinking water skin inflammation and ulceration tx with niridazole |
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Loa loa
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round worm
transmitted by deer fly swelling in skin (can see worm crawling in conjuntiva) tx with diethylcarbamazine |
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Onchocerca volvulus
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roundworm transmitted by female black flies
river blindness tx with ivermectin |
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Toxocara canis
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roundworm
food contaminated with eggs granulomas (blindness if retina) and visceral larva migrans tx with diethylcarbamazine |
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Wuchereria bancrofti
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roundworm
female mosquito blockage of lymphatic vessels --> elephantitis tx with diethylcarbamazine |
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live attenuated vaccines
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MMR, Sabin polio, VZV, yellow fever, smallpox, adenovirus
induce humoral and cell mediated immunity, but have reverted to virulence on rare occasions |
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killed vaccines
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rabies, influenza, Salk polio, HAV
induce only humoral immunity, but are stable |
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egg based vaccines
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flu, MMR, yellow fever
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recombinant vaccines
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HBV- recombinant HBsAg
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viral recombination
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exchange of genes between two chromosomes by crossing over in regions with base homology
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viral reassortment
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viruses with segmented genomes (influenza virus) exchange segments
high freq recombination cause of pandemics |
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viral complementation
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when 1 of 2 viruses that infect a cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein
nonmutated virus makes a functional protein that benefits both |
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Phenotypic mixing
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genome of virus A can be coated with surface protein of Virus B
B coat determines the infectivity of the phenotypically mixed virusl progeny from the infection has Type A coat encoded by A's genetics |
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Negative strand viruses
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most transcribe negative strand to positive using RNA polymerase
Arenaviruses, Bunyaviruses, Paramyxoviruses, Orthomyxoviruses, Filoviruses, Rhabdoviruses |
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Segmented viruses
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all are RNA viruses
Arenaviruses, Bunyaviruses, Orthomyxoviruses (flu) and Reoviruses Flu virus genome has 8 segments that can undergo reassortment--> antigenic shift --> pandemic flu |
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Abx that inhibit the 30S ribosome
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Aminoglycosides-inhibit formation of the initiation complex and cause misreading of mRNA--require O2 for uptake
Tetracyclines-bind to 30S and prevent attachment of aminoacyl tRNA |
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Abx that inhibit the 50S ribosome
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Chloramphenicol-inhibits 50S peptidyltransferase
Erythromycin & Lincomycin-= inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation, bind to the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit Clindamycin- blocks peptide bond formation at 50S ribosomal subunit |
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Sulfonamides
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inhibit dihydropterate synthase
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Trimethoprim, pyrimethamine
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inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
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PCN/Cephalosporin resistance
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beta lactamase cleavage of beta lactam ring
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AG resistance
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modification via acetylation, adenylation, phosphorylation
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Vanc resistance
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terminal D-ala of cell wall component replaced with D-lac, decreased affinity
plasmid mediated |
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Chloramphenicol resistance
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modification via acetylation
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macrolides resistance
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methylation of rRNA near erythromycin's ribosome binding site
plasmid mediated-production of phosphotransferase enzyme |
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tetracycline resistance
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decreased uptake or increased transport out of cell
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sulfonamides resistance
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altered enzyme (bacterial dihydropterate synthetase), decreased uptake, increased PABA synthesis
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abx to avoid in pregnancy
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sulfonamides-kernicterus
AG-ototoxicity FQ-cartilage damage Erythromycin-acute cholestatic hepatitis in mom metronidazole-mutagenesis tetracyclines-discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth ribavirin-teratogenic griseofulvin-teratogenic chloramphenicol-gray baby |
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lyme disease
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borrelia burgdoferi
spirochete-prokaryote that is motile by means of axial filaments (same with leptospirosis, syphillis) |
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MOA acyclovir
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inhibits viral DNA polymerase
inhibits formation of viral DNA from pyrimidine and purine precursors |
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mycosis fungoides
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cutaneaous T cell lymphoma
malignant appearing lymphocytes plaques and nodules |
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toxin prod by pseudamonas
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Exotoxin A
inhibits elongation factor 2 (EF 2) GTP binding protein involved in the elongation step of protein synthesis |
