Stats Test1

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Scientific Method

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A set of assumptions, attitudes, goals, and procedures for creating and answering questions about nature.

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Nature is...

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Lawful- orderly and uniform
Determined- natural events are soley influenced by natural causes that can be DISCOVERED.
Understandable- No matter how complicated events may appear, eventually we will be able to understand cause-effect relationships that control those events.

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Hypothesis

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A somewhat tentative statement or proposition concerning a relationship among variables. Often an exper. or statistical prediction. Always subject to empirical testing.

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Law

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A relativley well-established relationship among variables.
essentially this refers to a well comfirmed hypothesis; one for which there is substantial empirical support.

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Theory

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a proposition or integrated set of propositions that attempts to explain the available facts concerning some phenomenon.
Facts are compromised of observations, measurments, data, evidence, etc that are generally accepted as valid. Highest level of explanation of facts.

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Explanation

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Theory functions to describe, orgainize, and summerize available facts.

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Prediction

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To be considered sci. useful, a theory must also predict new facts and relationships not presently known.In Sci. all theories undergo constant revision and adjustment as a fucntion of research.

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Intervening Variable

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Any variable that is functionally connected with a preceding and a following variable. (A variable that intervenes)

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Observational Approach

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Sole Goal= Description

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Specific methods of Observational Appraoch

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-Naturalistic
-Participant
-Case Studies
-Surveys and Questionaires
-Archival Research

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Problems with Observational Approach

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It's descriptive only. Therefore, it's impossible to establish caseu-effect relationships.Many Bias's

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Correlational Approach

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Approach involves the determination of the degree of relationship between 2 dependent variables or between a subject variable and a dependent variable. In simplest case this involves a calculation of a correlation coeffecint.

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Experimental Method

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Experiement involves the systematic manipulation of non-subject variables and assessment of their effects on dependent variable measurres under controlled conditions.

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Between-subject designs

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Exper. Designs in which participants are randomly assigned to groups

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Within-subject designs

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Those in which the same subjects are used in experiemtnal and control groups.

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Matched Group Designs

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Are a variation on the theme of both of the above designs . That is, while subjects in the exper. and control groups are different, they are nevertheless matched on variables that are considered to be of importance.

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Statistics

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Branch of math that deals with the collection, classification, description, and interpretation of data.

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A Statistic

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A number resulting from a manipulation of sample data according to certain specified rules (formulas).

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Population

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A specified aggregate of anything- a set.

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Sample

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A section or subset of the population in question, which is representative of that population.

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Four sampling methods

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Random Sample
Stratified and Quota Samples
Convience Sample
Purposive Sample

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Parameter

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A property descriptive of or belonging to the population.

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Estimate

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A property descriptive of, or belonging to the sample from which we draw infrences to the population

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Variable

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A property or measure whereby the members of a group or set differ from one another

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Distribution (or series)

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A set of vaules or measures (scores) of some specified variable.

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Five types of variables

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Independent
Dependent
Controlled
Uncontrolled
Intervening

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Independent

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Any variable that is either systematically manipulated or purposefully selected in order to determine its effect on behavior

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Dependent

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The behavior or change in behavior that is monitored as a function of the IV

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Controlled Variables

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Extraneous variables that could influence the DV (confound the study), but are prevented from doing so by the application of one or more of the 5 basic control procedures

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Uncontrolled Variables

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Extraneous variables that could influence the DV (confound the study), but cannot be subjected to control procedures

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Intervening Variable

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A construct or relationship that is presently unobservable, but is functionally related to observable variables.

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Continious variable

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One that is capable of any degree of subdivision.

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Discrete variable

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One that is discontinious or has real gaps

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Fourfold classification of variables

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Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

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Nominal

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Distribution in which constancies or differences are stated only in qualitative terms

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Ordinal

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A distribution in which we classify in terms of serial position but with no exact measurment - No true zero point

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Interval

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A distribution in which variables are expressed in equal units but without a true zero point.

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Ratio

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Measures are expressed in equal units and taken from a true zero point.