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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
_______ _______ are acute leukemias which are very difficult to treat
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Monocytic Leukemias
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______ are relatively benign tumors of Monocytes that now live in the tissues.
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Histiocytomas
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Also called macrophages or histiocytes
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_____ are tumors of macrophages found in lymph nodes or other lymphatic tissues.
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Reticulocytomas
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name has a term dealing with eye
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Cancer of histiocytes often found in AIDS patients and APPEAES to be caused by a Herpes virus.
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Karpsi's Sarcoma
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_____ are cancers of the blood cells.
Often comes from undifferentiated bone marrow cells. |
Leukemias
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Leukemia cells often appear in blood as...
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large blast cells
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Since there are many leukemias, they reflect ...
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many different developmental stages of different kinds of blood cells
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If malignant, the more ____ or ___ leukemia is.
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undifferentiated
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_Blast-like_ |
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____ are leukemias that arise from erythroblasts
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Erythro-leukemias
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rare in humans
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_____ are common in humans.
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Myelocytic leukemias
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Another example of leukemia
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Leukemia
initially benign -> malignant |
Chronic Leukemia
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can become a_ _ _ _
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Leukemia
chronic leukemia to acute leukemia shows a ... |
CHANGE is called "blast transformation"
more primitive and blast-like |
change to look ....
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Which are more dificult to treat... chronic or acute (blastic)
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Acute
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If lymphocytes are involved with leukemia they can be...
I. Acute lymphocytic II. Chronic lymphocytic III. Both IV. None of the above |
III. Both
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Leukemia
Leukemias that derive from ____ ____ ____ that would have given rise to the other kinds of white blood cells also can form either chronic or acute leukemia. |
Bone Marrow Cells
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Leukemia
Generally more difficult to treat than their lymphocytic counterparts. |
Myelocytic Leukemia
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Leukemia
If leukemia does not have a recognizable chronic stage... it is said to be ______ when recognized. |
Acute (blastic)
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Leukemia
Acute erythrocytic leukemia is also erythroblastic leukemia. In respect to their names, give reason? |
It is leukemia of red blood cell precursors.
Acute and blastic is interchangeable for highly malignant cancers... Chronic and cystic are intertangeable to describe leukemias less highly malignant |
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Leukemia
Which are more benign: Lymphomas or Lymphosarcomas? (cancers of lymphocytes in lymph nodes) |
Lymphomas
(e.g. Hodgkin's Lymphoma) |
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Leukemia
What cancers dissolve the bones where they reside? |
Multiple Myelomas
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Leukemia
What are Multiple myelomas? |
Cancers of antibody producing B lymphocytes which can occur in bone marrow.
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Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are granulocytes. True or False. |
False.
No. Does not contain recognizable granules. |
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Lymphocytes
There are two kinds based on where they mature. The two places are: |
Bone Marrow
and the Thymus |
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Lymphocytes
Where do they originate from? |
Lymphoid Stem cells in bone marrow
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Lymphocytes
Where do some lymphocytes undergo maturation in? |
Thumus
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Lymphocytes
T-cells, mature lymphocytes, are from.... |
Thymus
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Lymphocytes
____ are recognized by the pressure of protein antigen on their cell surface. |
T- cells
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Terminology
Adenoma |
Any glandular tissue that becomes a neoplasm
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adeno- means gland
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Terminology
Adeno Carcinoma |
cancer arising from glandular tissue
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Terminology
Blastoma |
Tumor of embryonic cells
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Terminology: Blastoma
What is a tumor of retinal cells which occurs in children? |
Retinoblastoma
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Terminology
Cancers named as if benign but are malignant. True for cancers of the _____. |
Brain
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Generally, not invasive or metastatic... due to location
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Terminology
Astrocytoma, Ependyoma, Oligodendrolioma.... benign or malignant? |
malignant due to location
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Terminology: Non CNS malignancies
malignant melanoma, mesothelioma, myeloma, leukemia, teratoma benign or malignant |
Malignant
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Terminology: Non CNS malignancies
Malignant melanoma 1. should be called___ 2. where do they often travel |
1. melanocytes carcinoma
2.brain... difficult to treat |
1. think of tissue location
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Terminology: Non CNS malignancies
Mesothelioma 1.cells look ____ 2. where spreads? |
1. benign
2 spreads to many nodes |
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Terminology: Non CNS Malignancies
MYELOMA 1. consists of ___ in bones, which kills host. 2. Secretes what? |
1. B lymphocytes
2. large amounts of antibodies |
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Terminology: Inconcsistent Nomen.
Leukemia 1. meaning? 2. what does it not describe? 3. what of the blood cell origin? |
1. "excessive numbers of WBCs in blood"
2. Does not say what cells are neoplastic or it will kill host if untreated 3. Does not reveal blood cells are of mesodermal origin... SARCOMA |
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Terminology: Inconsitency
Teratoma 1. cancer of what? 2. what does it do? what does it contain? |
1. sperm and egg cells
2. forms embryo like tumors containing hair, teeth , body parts (e.g. eyes) |
Think teeth where it doesn't belong
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Terminology: Mixed Tumors
Mammary Tumors |
- tumors have mix of glandular and connective tissue elements... both look highly abnormal... hard to tell if tumor cell
- tumor cell secretes GF that affect other cells |
difficulty?
secretion? |
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Terminology: Mixed Tumors
Lymphoreticular Tumors |
- lymphocytes and supporting reticular tissues
- one is anaplastic (cancerous) - other is dysplastic (tries to catch up with cancerous one, but can't tell difference) |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
If we know the tissue origin... what two things can we deduce. |
1. determine best treatment
2. Make prognosis of patient's recovery |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Mammary tumors ... if late, prognosis |
poor
Late detection when malignant is |
its malignant
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Lung Cancer |
early detection needed for recovery
Never diagnosed early- internal and no early signs |
Not observable...
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Lipomas |
fatty tissue tumors
- almost always benign -develops after age 40 |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Papillomas |
-warts, skin, not mucous membranes
- product of virus -almost always benign unless (exposed to chemical carcinogens or excessive sunlight) |
warts, skin, not mucous membranes
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Skin- ~melanocytes... ~epithelial... |
melanocytes.. malignant
epithelial... benign ( but progression) |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Bone- ~osteocytes... ~cartilage... |
osteocytes.... malignant
cartilage... benign |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Two types of examination... |
1. Gross examination
2. Histological examination |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Gross examination ~identifies.... |
-identifies ORGAN of origin (e.g. mammary)
- may not tell cell type b/c organs have many different cells |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Gross examination ~Observable indicators of malignancy |
1. speed of growth
2. necrosis (outstrips blood supply... loc. usually center) 3. attachment (cling to other regions- invasive; free flowing- benign e.g lipomas) 4. metastsis (new tumors) |
4 indicators
S,N,A,M |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Gross examination ~ For solid tumors, what can be used for clinical staging ( how far along cancer is) |
metastasis and attachment
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Histological examination |
~ biopsy (piece of tumor) in 10% formalin
~ preservation of cell-cell relationships ~Hematoxylin (nucleus- nucleic acids blue stain) ~Eosin (red cytoplsm |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Histological examination Excisional Biopsy is |
when entire tumor taken out
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Histological examination ~determines... |
1. cell type origin (only one kind)
2. Abnormal appearance of cell 3. Relationship of tumor to other cells 4. Stage of growth or Progress 5. Success of treatment |
5 things
CO, AA, RoC, PoG, ST |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Histological examination ~Relationship of tumor to cells |
1. encapsulation
2. invasiveness 3. anatomic barriers (going through BM)~ before breaks through carcinoma in situ ex. cervical cancer |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Differentiate cancer cells from abnormal tissue changes due to .. |
Tissue Stress or Disease...
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Hypertrophy |
- enlargement of tissue
- no change in #s |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Hyperplasia |
- increase in # (usually due to GF)
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Metaplasia e.g. squamous metaplasia, cells in bronchii due to smoking lose orig. shape |
-mild change in morphology
-reversible |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Dysplasia |
-severe change in morphology of cells
-excessive stimulation from outside cells -reversible |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Anaplasia |
-synonymous to cancer
-severe change in morphology of tisssues and cells assoc. with genetic change within cells -irreversible |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
To Identify undifferentiated cells.. |
1. Electron Microscopy
2. Histochemical Examination 3. Immunocytochemistry 4. Cytological examination (fluid aspirate; solid- smear, needle aspirte) |
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CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Cytology- appearance of individual cells can indicate cancer, BUT can not tell.. |
-anatomical boundaries
-relationship between cells |
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