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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Statistics
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numerical summary measures computed on the data
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data
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facts and figures
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population
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group of interest
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characteristics of population (3)
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1. large
2. hypothetical 3. unobtainable |
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sample
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subset of the population
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What is the best way to obtain a sample
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random sampling
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random sampling
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independent selection of observation
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statistics estimate
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parameters
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What are the two types of statistics
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descriptive & inferential
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descriptive statistics
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describes a phenomenon in a group
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Inferential statistics
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infer something about a group - making a decision
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hypothesis
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testable guess to explain data
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Research
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structured problem solving
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absolute research
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measures a phenomenon
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comparative research
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compares 2 similar phenomena
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continuous variables
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take on an infinite number of values between any two points
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discreet variables
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take on a finite number of values between two points
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types of variables (3)
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independent variable
dependent variable extraneous variable |
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independent variable
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manipulated by researcher
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dependent variable
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measured by the researcher
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extraneous variable
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outside of research, but still has impact
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extraneous variables must be _______ because they _________ the data
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controlled, confound
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3 Ways to control EVs
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1. Hold them constant
2. Include them in the study 3. Randomization of subjects of groups |
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Best way to control EVs
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Randomization of subjects to groups
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subject bias
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subjects behave differently based on their knowledge of the the research
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researcher bias
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researchers behave differently based on their knowledge of the research
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single blind study
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controls subject bias
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double blind study
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controls researcher and subject bias
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2 types of statistical relationship
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1. causal
2. predictive |
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Causal relationship
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IV affects the DV
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Predictive relationship
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PV affects the CV
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Types of research designs (3)
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1. True experiments
2. Observational 3. Quasi Experimental Design |
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True experiment
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causal research, directly manipulate the IV and measure the DV
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Observational Study
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predictive research, groups are naturally occuring
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Quasi experimental design
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in between a true experiment and an observational design
-no randomization, but there is manipulation |
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internal validity
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truth of the causal statement
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external validity
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generalizability of results outside study
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quantitative
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data that carries a numerical value
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qualitative
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observations that do not carry a numerical value (labels, names, categories)
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4 scales of measurements
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Nominal scale
ordinal scale Interval scale Ratio scale |
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Nominal scale
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individual meaning
Identity |
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Ordinal Scale
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definition and rank
Identity & Order |
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Interval scale
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definition, rank, and ability to equate a distinguishing factor
Identity, Order, Distance |
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Ratio scale
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definition, rank, ability to equate a distinguishing factor, no variable at 0
Identity, Order Distance, True Zero Point |
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Bar graph variables
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x axis: category
y axis: frequency |
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Histogram measures
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quantitative data
x axis: intervals of measurement y axis: frequency |
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measures of central tendency
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mean, median, mode
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distribution shows the
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variability of scores
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peakedness of the distribution
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kurtosis
platykurtic, leptokurtic, mesokurtic |
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Mode
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most commonly occuring score
(best to use with qualitative data) |
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Median
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the middle score
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median position formula
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(N+1)/2
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Mean
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sample average
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skewedness
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deviation from average score
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least squares criterion
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sum of the squared errors is a minimum
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z-score
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position of a score relative to other scores
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z-scores are expressed in terms of
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standard deviations
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Standard normal curve
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normal distribution with M=0 and sigma = 1
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correlation
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degree of linear relationship between two variables
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r =
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the average product of the z-scores
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