Stats Chapter 3

Front 1

Distribution

Back 1

The distribution of a variable gives the possible values of the variable and the relative frequency of each value.

Front 2

Area Principle

Back 2

In a statistical display, each data value should be represented by the same amount of area.

Front 3

Bar Chart

Back 3

Bar charts show a bar whose area represents the count of observations for each category of a categorical variable.

Front 4

Pie Chart

Back 4

Pie charts show how a whole divides into categories by showing a wedge of a circle who's area corresponds to the proportion of each category

Front 5

Contingency Table

Back 5

A contingency table displays counts, and sometimes, percentages of individuals falling into named categories on two or more varaibles. The table categorizes the individuals on all variables at once, to reveal possible patterns in one variable that may be contingent on the category of another.

Front 6

Marginal Distribution

Back 6

In a contingency table, the distribution of either variable alone is called the marginal distribution.

Front 7

Conditional Distribution

Back 7

The distribution of a variable restricting the Who to consider only a smaller group of individuals is called a conditional distribution

Front 8

Independence

Back 8

Variables are said to be independent if the conditional distribution of one variable is teh same for each category of the other. We'll show how to check for independence in a later chapter.

Front 9

Segmented Bar chart

Back 9

a segmented bar chart displays the conditional distribution of a categorical variable within each category of another variable.

Front 10

Simpsons Paradox

Back 10

When averages are taken across different groups, they can appear to contradict the overall averages.