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61 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what is statistics
the science of collecting numerical data and drawing conclusions from them
what are individuals
the people place or things being studied in an experiment
"what are other names for ""individuals"""
subject, entities, participants, elements, units(usually used in experiments)
what are variables?
characteristics of the individual
what are some examples of variables?
age, height, BP, weight
define: quantitative
something that can be measured with math
"define: categorical
"something that falls into a category
another name for categorical"
qualitative"
define: population
ALL individuals of interest in a study
Define: sample
a part of the population that is representative of the whole population
Define: Parameter
"a numerical characteristic of the population

ie. proportion of all langara students that are female"

Define: Statistic
"a numerical characteristic of the sample

ie proportion of n= 100 that (X)"

what are some forms of tabular summary
"frequency table

relative frequency table (see distribution)


percent frequency table"

what are some forms of graphical summary
"bar charts

pie charts"

Define: raw data
bunch of data that has not been organized or grouped
Define: ungrouped frequency distribution
shows sample and frequency of individual data (no ranges)
Define grouped frequency distribution
shows sample and frequency of data (ranges)
what do you look for in a graph
"shape - bell, bimodal, multimodal

center - where the center is


spread - how varied is the data


outliers - extreme"

described L / R skew
"right tail = right skew

left tail = left skew"

describe bimodal
"two peaks

symmetrical"

describe complex multimodal distribution
multiple peaks and kinda all over the place
what are some bad sampling examples (non-random sample)
"convenience sample

voluntary response sample


judgement sample"

what is convenience sampling
selecting people in vicinity to be part of study
what is voluntary response sample
asking people to be part of study (usually results in highly opinionated people being the only source of data)
what is judgement sample
choosing specifically who is going to be part of study
what is a result of bad sampling
introduces bias into study b/c sample is not representative of population
what are some good random sampling methods
"simple random

systematic


stratified


cluster"

what is simple random sampling
"each member of population has equal opportunity to be part of study

requires sampling frame


randomly selected"

systematic sampling
"members selected by system

sample size =n population = N


every n/Nth person selected"

what is a sampling frame
a list of population in which you can randomly select from to make sample
what is stratified sampling
population split into group by characteristic, then randomly chosen from within group
what is cluster sampling
"population randomly split into group,then chosen randomly from within groups"
what are measurement instruments
variables to be collected
what is the difference between observational and experimental study
"observational: only watch. no manipulation of subjects

experiments: treatments are given"

what is a treatment
"any experimental condition

all factors combined"

what are experimental units
"individuals in experiment- if human = subjects"
what are factors
explanatory (independent) variable that causes effect
what are lurking variables
variables that aren't being studied but can have effect on results
what are confounding variables
variables that cannot be differentiated in causing effect (ie studying vs intelligence for good mark)
what is the nature of experiments and what do they usually do
"comparitive;

compares treatment to control, placebo, another treatment"

what is a method to remove bias
"randomize

double blind study- patients and investigators dont know who is in which group"

what is matched pairs design
"choosing pair of subjects same in some characteristic

- can be same person (2 treatments 1 person), in this case pair is themselves"

what is a response variable
the outcome measured of the explanatory (independent( variable.
can a placebo be control
yes b/c the placebo isn't actually doing anything
what is undercoverage bias
where not everyone in the population has an opportunity to participate in study
what is nonresponse bias
not everyone responding or can't be contacted for response
what is undercoverage bias
where groups of population are left out of selection of sample
what is wording effect
when wording of question is confusing or is bias for one side
what is bivariate data
set of data with two variables
what are the three types of bivariate data
"one cat, one quant

two cat


two quant"

what is the best graph to compare two quantitative variables
scatter plot (time plot if one variable is time)
best graph for two categorical variables
side by side bar chart
best graph for displaying one cat and one quant data
side by side box n whisker
what is the formula for variance
s^2 = (1/n-1)x SUMOF(Xi - Ave)^2
what are the units for variance
"s^2 for sample

σ^2 for population"

what are the units for standard deviation
"s for sample

σ for population"

What is block design experiments
pre divided groups to test hypotheses about different groups
when is the mean more right than median
right skewed
when is the mean more left than median
left skewed
which is more affected by outliers? mean / median
mean because outliers are more in the calculation