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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Why case studies?
Regression analysis really only tells us about correlations. Sometimes we need to know about the effect of the sequence of events, and the direction of the events.
Difference between correlation and causation
Case studies trace a causal process that link the proposed independent variable to the dependent one
method of agreement
if the outcome is the same despite differences among your cases, you want to search for the common characteristics between them that could explain the similarity
method of difference
you choose two cases. in one case, the phenomenon of interest occurs. in the other it does not. the two cases should be chosen in a way that they almost share all other traits. if they share all except one, then this one difference can be taken as the reason for the different outcomes.
examples of universe of cases
world wars, nuclear weapon sites, countries
single case studies
emerges from empirical puzzle. usually starts by an observation that something does not fit our expectations based on available theories and/or logic
paired comparisons
following a single case over time - something called within-case comparison
process tracking
involves examining pieces of evidence in order to support or overturn competing explanations of a particular outcome.
the coding frame
list of all possible responses to a question and their accompanying numerical codes
rules for coding
1. codes must be mutually exclusive: any response can fit into one, and only one category
2. codes must be exhaustive: you must cover all possible options
3. codes must be applied consistently throughout
purpose of IRB
protect the well-being of human subjects of medical and social research
when do you need IRB approval
all research involving human subjects
informal interviews
researcher tries to remember conversations heard during the course of the day
unstructured interviews
researcher wants people to open up and express themselves at their own pace
semi-structured interviews
write list of questions to be covered
structured
questionnaires
deference effect
when people tell you what they think you want to hear
expectancy effect
creating the objective results we want to see
why case study
regression only tells us about correlations. sometimes we need to know about effect of sequence of events and direction of effect
t-test
for significance of the correlation of coefficient relationship between variables
one sample z-test
differences between one sample and population
regression
relationship between more than two variables
t-test for dependent samples
two groups of variables being tested more than once
repeated ANOVA
more than two groups of variables being tested more than once
t-test for independent samples
two groups of variables instead test only once
simple ANOVA
more than two groups of variables being tested only once
what's the study of probability
basis for determining the degree of confidence we have in stating a particular finding or outcome is "true"
asymptotic
tails come closer and closer to horizontal axis but never touch it
difference between mean and 1 SD
34.13% of cases under curve
z score
allows us to compare values from different distributions, compare a sample to population, or compare two samples
central limit theorem
for any trait, regardless of whether it is normally distributed across the population, then a N (the size of the sample drawn from the population) becomes large, the sampling distribution of samples means takes on a normal shape
chi-square
test used to analyze data that comes as frequencies
r square
tells you amount of variation in Y that is explained by X
multivariate regression
allows you to assess the relationship between two variables controlling for other intervening variables
multicollinearity
when two independent variables are correlated
logit model/logistic regression
technique used when dependent variables is binary (0/1 or yes/no) and independent variable is either interval-ratio or binary
nominal-nominal
chi square
nominal-ordinal
chi square
ordinal-ordinal
chi square
interval ratio-nominal
t test (only 2) or ANOVA (more than 2)
interval ratio-ordinal
t test (only 2) or ANOVA (more than 2)
interval ratio-interval ratio
pearson's r
how do partial slopes help
they help us estimate the separate effects of our independent variables on the dependent variable
informed consent
those who are researched should have the right to know that they are being researched and that in some sense they should have actively given their consent
sugging
pretending to conduct an interview that turns into a sales pitch
content analysis
set of methods for systematically coding and analyzing qualitative data