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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Data
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Collections of observations
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Statistics
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Planning experiments, getting data, drawing conclusions
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Population
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Complete collection of all individuals, all individuals studied
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Census
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Collection of data from every member of population
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Sample
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Subcollection of members selected from population
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Parameter
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Numerical measurement of population
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Statistic
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Numerical measurement of Sample
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Quantitative Data
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#'s representing measurements
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Categorical Data
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names or labels, not numbers
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Discrete Data
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Countable #'s 1,2,3,4
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Continuous Data
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infinitely many possible values, no gaps 9.7856
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Nominal Level of Measurement
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names, labels, categories, cannot be in order
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Ordinal Level of Measurement
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can be arranged in an order, differences mean nothing, ABCD
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Interval Level of Measurement
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the differences mean something, no 0 starting point
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Ration Level of Measurement
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natural 0 starting point, differences are meaningful
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Voluntary Response
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respondents decided whether to be included
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Observational Study
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observe characteristics but don't modify subject being tested
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Experiment
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apply some treatment then observe subject
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Simple Random Sample
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every possible sample has same chance of being chosen
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Random Sample
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each individual member in pop has equal chance of being selected
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Systematic Sampling
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select a started point and select every kth item: every 8th item
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Convenience Sampling
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simply use results that are easy to get, family & friends
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Stratified Sampling
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Subdivide pop, into 2 groups that have similar characteristics, draw sample from each group
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Cluster Sampling
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divide pop into sections, randomly select sections, choose all members from those sections and sample
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Cross-Sectional Study
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data is observed, measured, and collected @ 1 point in time
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Retrospective Study
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data collected from past
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Prospective Study
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data collected in future from groups sharing common factors
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Confounding
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occurs in an experiment when you are not able to distinguish among the effects of different factors
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Frequency Distribution
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shows how data is positioned among several categories by listing all categories along with the # data values
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Normal Distribution
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frequencies start low then get high then low again, symmetric, mirror image
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Histogram
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bars of equal width drawn without gaps,
Frequency on Vertical #'s on Horizontal |
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Frequency Polygon
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line segments connected to points located above midpoints
Frequency on Vertical Midpoints on Horizontal |
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Ogive
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line graph that shows cumulative frequencies
Cumulative Freq. on Vertical Class Boundaries on Horizontal |
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Dotplot
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each data value is plotted as a poi
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Stemplot
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quantitative data separating values into 2 parts
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Bar Graph
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bars of equal width that show frequencies of qualitative data
Frequency on Vertical Categories on Horizontal |
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Pareto Chart
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bar graph for qualitative data in descending order
Frequency on Vertical Categories on Hoizontal |
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Pie Chart
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depicts qualitative data with as slices of circle
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Scatter Plot
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( X,Y ) quantitative data with horizontal x-axis & vertical y-axis
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Bad Graphs
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Pictographs, Nonzero Axis
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Measure of Center
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value as center or middle of data set
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Mean
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adding up values and dividing the total by # of values
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Median
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middle # when values are arranged in order
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Mode
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the # that occurs the most
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Midrange
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max value+min value/ 2
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Skewed Data
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not symmetric, values extend more to one side than they do the other
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Symmetric Data
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the left half of histogram is same as right half
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Range
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max value - min value
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Standard Deviation
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measure of how values vary about the mean
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Variance
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Standard Deviation squared
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Range Rule of Thumb
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s= range/4 mean-2Xs mean+2Xs 95% of sample lies within 2 standard deviations of the mean
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Empirical Rule for Data
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data sets having distribution that's bell-shaped.
1 standard deviation about the mean-68% 2 standard deviations about the mean- 95% 3 standard deviations about the mean- 99.7% |
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Z Score
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# of Standard deviations about the mean
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Outliers
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values far away from other values
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Percentiles
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measure of location, divide data into 100 groups with 1% in each group
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Quartiles
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measure of location,
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5 Number Summary
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min value, 1st quartile, median, 3rd quartile, max value
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Boxplot
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graph of 5 number summary. lines extend from min to max with a box with lines drawn @ 1st quartile, median, and 3rd quartile
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Complement of Event
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all outcomes in which A does not occur, Å
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Simulation
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behaves same way as procedure similar results produced
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Disjoint Events
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Events A & B cannot occur at same time
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Independent Events
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if the occurrence of A&B does not affect the prob of the other
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Dependent Events
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if the occurrence of A & B affects the prob of the other
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Addition Rule of Probability
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P( A or B) either event A or B occurs or both
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Multiplication Rule of Probability
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P( A & B) event A occurs in 1st trial and event B occurs in 2nd trial
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Factorial
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(!)
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