Statistics Exam 1

Front 1

Statistics

Back 1

a collection of procedures and principles for gathering data and analyzing information to help people make decisions when faced with uncertainty

Front 2

Dotplot

Back 2

helps us see the pattern in the data. In the plot, each dot represents the response of an individual student.

Front 3

Five-Number Summary

Back 3

they consist of the
-lowest number
-1/4
-1/2
-3/4
-and the highest number

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Median

Back 4

the value in the middle when the numbers are put in order

Front 5

Lower Quartile

Back 5

the median of the lower half of the data

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Upper Quartile

Back 6

the median of the upper half of the data

Front 7

Rate

Back 7

the number of times it occurs per number of opportunities for it to occur

Front 8

Risk

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a bad outcome in the future can be estimated by using the past rate for that outcome

Front 9

Base Rate/Baseline Risk

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is the rate or risk at a beginning time period or under specific conditions

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Population

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a collection of all individuals about which information is desired

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Random Sample

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is a subset of the population selected so that every individual has a specified probability of being part of the sample

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Sample Survey

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the investigators gather opinions or other information from each individual included in the sample

Front 13

Margin of Error

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a number that is added to and subtracted from the sample information to produce an interval that is 95% certain to contain the truth about the population

Front 14

Non response bias

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when many people who are selected for the sample either do not respond at all or do not respond to some of the key survey questions

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Self-Selected Sample/Volunteer Sample

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this kind of sample tells you nothing about the larger population at all; it tells you only about those who responded

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Randomized Experiment

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is a study in which treatments are randomly assigned to participants

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Observational Study

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one in which participants are merely observed and measured

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Variable

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is a characteristic that differs from one individual to the next

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Confounding Variable

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is a variable that is not the main concern of the study but may be particially responsible for the observed results

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Treatment

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a specific regimen or procedure assigned to participants by the experimenter

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Random Assignment

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is one in which each participant has a specified probability of being assigned to each treatment

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Placebo

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is a pill or treatment designed to look just like the active treatment

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Statistically Significant

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relationship or difference is one that is large enough to be unlikely to have occurred in the sample if there was no relationship or difference in the population.

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Practical Importance

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using statistical significance to determine the importance of two different numbers and their relationship

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Dataset

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a collection of data. each column represents a particular variable

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Response Variable

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a dependent variable

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Categorical Variable

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has two or more categories
-true and false
-male and female

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Distribution

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an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or theoretical frequency of occurrence

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Ordinal Variable

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1st 2nd 3rd 4th place in a race

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Quantative Variable

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based on a scale/measurement
-weight
-height

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Explanatory Variable

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A quantity of something that varies and can be used to explain increases and decreases in another variable

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Sample Size

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number of objects in a sample

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Control Group

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it is not involved in the experiment. receives no treatment

Front 34

Parameter

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a numeric quantity, usually unknown, that describes a certain population characteristic