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27 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
Define Statistics. What are the 2 branches?
the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data.

Descriptive and Inferential.
What is a variable?
A characteristic or attribute that can assume different values.
Variables whose values are determined by chance are called...?
Random variables
? are the values that variables can assume.
Data
Explain inferential statistics.
A person tries to make inferences from samples to populations. Inferential Stats uses PROBABILITY.
Distinguish between a sample and a population.
A population consists of all subjects that are being studied, and a sample is a group of subjects selected from a populations.
Describe Hypothesis Testing.
It's an area of inferential statistics. It is a process for evaluating claims about a population, based on information obtained from samples.
Subjects are classified according to gender, religious preference, and geographic location.
Qualitative Variables...can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characteristic or attribute.
Subjects are ranked by age, height, weight, and body temp.
Quantitative Variables...numerical.
Number of children in a family, the number of students in a classroom, and the number of calls received by a switchboard operator each day for a month.
Discrete Variables. Assume values that can be counted.
? can assume an infinite number of values in an interval between any two specific values. Obtained by measuring. Often include fractions and decimals.
Continuous Variables
what are the four types of measurement scales?
nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
college instructors, male or female, zip codes, political party, religion, and marital status
Nominal Level measurement. No ranking or order can be placed on the data.
student evaluations, floats in a parade, letter grades (a,b,c..)
Ordinal-Level Measurement. Data is placed into categories which can be ordered, or ranked. Precise measurement of differences does not exist.
IQ, Temperature...
Interval-Level Measurement. Precise differences do exist between units. Ranks data. There is NO meaningful zero.
Height, Weight, Area, and Number of phone calls received.
Ratio-Level Measurement. Ranks data, and precise differences between units of measure do exist. There exists a true zero. Also, true ratios exist when the same variable is measured on two different members of the population.
Samples selected by using chance methods or random numbers.
Random Sampling.
Numbering each subject of the population and then selecting each kth subject is ??
Systematic Sample technique.
How do researchers obtain stratified samples?
By dividing the population into groups, called strata, according to some characteristic that is important to the study, then sampling each group.
Describe a cluster sample.
The population is divided into groups, called clusters, by some means such as geographic area or schools in a large school district. Then the researcher randomly selects some of these clusters and uses all members of the selected clusters as the subjects of the samples.
The researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables.
Experimental Study.
Which type of Frequency Distribution: Data such as political affiliation, religious affiliation, or major field of study.
Categorical Freq. Dist. This is used for data that can be placed in specific categories.
What happens when the range of the data is large?
The data must be grouped into classes that are more than one unit in width, in what is called a grouped frequency distribution.
How is the class midpoint, Xm, Obtained?
Adding the lower and Upper boundaries and dividing by two, or adding the lower and upper limits and dividing by two.
What are the five reasons for constructing a frequency distribution?
1. To organize the data in a meaningful way.
2. To enable the reader to determine the nature or shape of the distribution.
3. To facilitate computational procedures for measures of average and spread.
4. To enable the researcher to draw charts and graphs for the presentation of data.
5. To enable the reader to make comparisons among different data sets.
Steps for Constructing a Grouped Frequency Distribution.
1. Determine the classes
2. Tally data
3. Find numerical frequencies from tallies.
4. Find cumulative frequencies.
How to determine the class?
Find the highest and lowest value. Find the range. Select the number of classes desired. Find the width by dividing the range by the number of classes and rounding up. Select a starting point and add the width to get the lower limits. Find the upper class limits. Find the boundaries.