Stat Review

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Bias

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is a consistent, repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken. A technique used to reduce bias is to make a statistical adjustment by weighting the more relieve information

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Confounded variables

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Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.

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Descriptive

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involve methods of organizing, picturing, and summarizing information from samples or population.

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Individual

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are the objects described by a set of data: person (animal), place, and thing. In a medical trial, the people in the study referred to as Subjects.

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Inferential

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involve methods of using information from a sample of the population to draw conclusions regarding the population

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Lurking Variable

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A variable that has an important effect on
the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.

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Outlier

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data v that are very different from other values and measurements in the data set.

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Placebo Effect

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occurs when a subject receives no treatment, but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.

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Qualitative Measure

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a variable that has a nominal measurement that describes an individual by placing it into a category or group such as male or female

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Quantitative Measure

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is a variable that has a value or numerical measure meant for which operations such as averaging or addition make sense.

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Reliable Measure

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measure is a measurement such that the random error is small.

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Seasonal Effect

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Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time
between repetitions is called the period.

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Simple Random Sample

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if the sample is taken from the population in such a way that ensures every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected and every sample of size n from the population has an equal chance of being selected

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Treatment

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is any specific experimental
condition applied to the subjects.

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Trend

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A long-term upward or downward movement over time

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Valid Measure

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measure is one that is relevant or
appropriate as a representation of that property. Otherwise, this measure is invalid.

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Variability

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describes the spread in the values of the
sample statistic when many samples are taken.

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Variable

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the individuals or the characteristic to be measured or observed.

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Sample

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the variable is measured from only some of the individuals of interest; such a survey is called a Sample Survey.

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Population

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the variable is measured for every individual of interest; such a survey is called a Census.

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Statistics

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an estimate of population parameter; it is a describes an aspect rical measure ample, such a that s the nume of a s sample mean, sample variance, sample standard deviation, proportion, correlation, etc.; normally , s2, denoted by: s,(or p), and r, respectively.

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Parameter

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is a numerical measure that describes an characteristic (aspect) of the population, such as the true mean, variance, standard deviation normally denoted n, by proportion, correlation, etc.; Greek symbolism; m, s2, s,p (or p), and r, respectively.

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Ratio

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applies to data that can be arranged in order. In addition, both differences between data and ratios of data values are meaningful. Data at this level have a “true zero”

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Interval

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applies to data that can be arranged in order. addition, differences between data values are meaningful; however, not ratios

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Ordinal

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applies to data that may be arranged in order. However, differences between data values cannot be determined or are meaningless

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Nominal

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applies to data that consist of names, labels, or categories

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Cluster

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a sampling technique in which the entire population is divided into pre-existing segments or clusters. The clusters are often geographic. Then
clusters are randomly selected, and every member of the selected clustered is included in the sample. Cluster sampling is used extensively by governmental & private research organizations. This procedure is useful when it is difficult & costly to develop a complete list of the population member. The population members are widely dispersed geographically. Cluster sampling includes sampling error, because there are probably similarities among cluster members

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Convenience

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a sampling technique in which data are used from population members that are readily available. Voluntary Response Surveys are a form of convenience sampling and often have bias.

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Simple random

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if the sample is taken from the population in such a way that ensures
Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected and Every sample of size n from the population has an equal chance of being selected.

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Stratified

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is a sampling technique in which the entire population is divided into distinct subgroups or strata. Then a random sample is taken for each stratum. Each stratum/strata must share the same characteristic.

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Systematic

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a sampling technique in which members of the population are sequentially numbered then, from a starting point every kth member of the population is included in the sample