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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Familly of STAPHYLOCOCCI |
Staphylococcaceae |
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What does staphylococci produce? |
Catalase |
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Media used for staphylococci |
Blood Agar Plate |
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Appearance of staphyloccoci in BAP |
creamy, while or light gold buttery looking |
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4 Differential test between Staphylococci and Micrococci |
Bacitracin/ Taxo A Disk Test Furazolidone Susceptibility Test Lysostaphin Sensitivity Test Modified Oxidase/Microdase Test |
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Differential test that uses antibiotic
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Bacitracin/Taxo A Disk Test
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HOw many units of Bacitraccin does Taxo A Disk Test used? |
0.04units |
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Medium used for Taxo A Disk Test |
Blood Agar Plate Mueller Hinton Agar |
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Result for Taxo A Disk Test
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Greater than or equal to 10mm zone of inhibition on Micrococci
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How many furazolidone is needed in FST |
100 microgram of furazolidone. |
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Medium used in Furazolidone Susceptibility test |
Blood Agar Plate |
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Result of Lysostaphin Sensitivity Test
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10-16mm zone of inhibition on stapylococci
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Bacterial enzyme differential test |
Modified Oxidase/Microdase Test |
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Reagent Paper in Modified Oxidase |
tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in dimethylsulfoxide |
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Positive Result of Modified Oxidase |
Micrococci will turn to blue within 2 minutes |
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Normal flora of staphylococci |
Skin, Mucous Membrane and Intestine |
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It is the most virulent among staphylococci |
staphylococcus aureus |
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Coagulase of staphylococcus aureus |
Coagulase Positive |
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Culture used on Staphylococcus aureus |
Lipochrome (golden yellow pigment) Beta-hemolytic on BAP |
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What will you use to cultivate Staphylococcus aureus? |
7.5-10% NaCl |
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Agar used in Staphylococcus aureus with odor |
Mannitol Salt Agar - "old stocking odor/ old socks" |
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Disease and Infection of Staphylococcus aureus |
Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSS) Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) Bacteremia/Sepsis UTI Acute Bacterial Endocarditis Folliculitis Furuncles Carbuncles Impetigo Osteomyelitis Septic Arthritis |
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IT is an extensive exfoliative dermatitis that occurs primarily in newborns and previously health children |
Scalded Skin Syndrome |
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It is a rare but potentially fatal, multisystem disease characterized by a sudden onset of fever, chills vomiting diarrhea, muscles aches and rash, which can quickly progress to hypotension and shock |
Toxic Shock Syndrome |
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It is a mild inflammation of hair follicle or sebaceous gland |
Folliculitis |
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Are large, raised, superficial abscesses; can be an extension of folliculitis |
Furuncles |
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Develop from multiple furuncles which may progress to deeper tissues; patients may have fever and chills
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Carbuncles
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It promotes formation of a fibrin layer and protects bacteria from phagocytosis |
Coagulase |
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It is bound to the cell wall. it clots human, rabbit or pig plasma |
Cell bound Coagulase/ Clumping Factor/ Intracellular |
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Not bound to the cell wall |
Unbound Coagulase/Free Coagulase/ Extracellular |
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It causes clot formation when bacterial cells are incubated with plasma |
Unbound Coagulase/Free Coagulase/ Extracellular |
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It enhances invasion and survival in tissue; breaks down hyaluronic acid present in the intracellular ground substabce of connective tissues |
Hyaluronidase |
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Spreading factor enzyme |
hyaluronidase |
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It binds cells together and renders the intercellular spaces passable to pathogen |
Hyaluronidase |
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It has fibrinolytic activity; dissolves fibrin clot |
Staphylokinase/Fibrinolysin |
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It is produced by both coagulate-positive and coagulase-negative
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Lipase
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It is essential for survival in sebaceous areas of the body |
Lipase |
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It is important in the formation of furuncles, carbuncles and boils |
Lipase |
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It lowers viscosity of exudates, giving the pathogen more mobility |
Deoxyribonuclease and Phosphatase |
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It breaks down penicillin and other beta lactam drugs |
Beta-lactamase |
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90% or more of clinical staphylococci isolates are resistant to penicillin as a result of enzyme production |
Beta-lactamase |
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It causes diarrhea and causes dehydration and death. It appear to act as neurotoxins that stimulate vomiting through the vagus nerve. |
Enterotoxins |
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Heat stable enzymes and are produced by 30%- 40% of S. aureus isolates. |
Enterotoxins |
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Contributes to the food poisoning factor. |
Enterotoxin A |
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Stable to heating at 100C for 30 minutes. |
Enterotoxins |
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It is resistant to hydrolysis by gastric and jejunal enzymes |
Enterotoxins |
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It is associated with pseudomembranous enterocolitis |
Enterotoxins B |
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It is a pore-forming exotoxin that kills WBC and supresses phagocytosis
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Leukocidin/Panton-Valentine Leukocidin
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It causes anemia - make iron available for microbial growth |
Hemolysin (Cytotoxin) |
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It destroys RBC, platelets and macrophages; it causes severe tissue damage |
Alpha hemolysin |
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It destroys spingomyelin and RBC around nerves |
Beta hemolysin (hot-cold hemolysin/spingomyelinase C) |
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It is exhibited in the CAMP test for group B streptococci |
beta-hemolysin |
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CAMP test
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Christie Atkins Munch Peterson
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It less toxic as compared to alpha and beta lysins, produced by all strains of Staphylococcus aureus |
Gamma hemolysin |
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It causes injury in RBC in culture and produces edematous lesion |
Gamma hemolysin |
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It destroys RBC and it is associated with the Panton-Valentine leukocidin |
Delta hemolysin |
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It is a serine protease that divides the intracellular bridges of the epidermidis causing extensive sloughing f epidermidis to produce a burn like effect on the patient |
Exfoliatin A & B |
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It destroys the stratum granulosum |
Exfoliatin A & B |
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It causes scalded-skin syndrome or Ritter's disease |
Exfoliatin A & B |
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It is a chromosomal-mediated toxin |
Toxic Shock Syndrome 1 /Enterotoxin F/Pyogenic exotoxin |
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It causes almost all cases of menstruating-associated TSS |
Toxic Shock Syndrome 1 /Enterotoxin F/Pyogenic exotoxin |
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It is an immunologically active substance found in the cell wall |
Protein A |
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It is antiphagocytic by competing with neutrophils for the Fc portion of specific opsonins
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Protein A
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It is the best single criterion of pathogenecity of Staphylococcus aureus |
Coagulase Test |
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Reagent of coagulase test |
Rabbit plasma |
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It is used to screen catalase-positive colonies
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Slide Method
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It detects cell bound coagulase/clumping factor on the surface of the cell wall which reacts with the fibrinogen in the plasma |
Slide method |
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Positive result Slide method |
Clot or coagulum formation within 30 seconds |
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Other slide coagulase organisms of Slide method |
S. lugdunensis and S.schleiferi |
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It is considered a sensitive method and confirmatory test |
Tube method |
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IT detects extracellular or free coagulase |
Tube method |
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Positive result of Tube Method |
Clot after 1-4 hours of incubation. Can be left at room temperature for 20 hours of incubation |
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Other tube coagulase positive organisms |
S.hyicus, S.intermedius, S.delphini and S. schleiferi |
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It is used to differentiate pathogenic from non pathogenic staphylococci |
Mannitol Fermentation Test |
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Composition of Mannitol Salt Agar |
1% mannitol 7.5 - 10% NaCl |
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pH indicator of Mannitol Fermentation Test |
phenol red |
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Positive result for Mannitol Fermentation Test
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S. aureus colonies surrounded by a yellow halo
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What is the color of uninoculated colonies |
Reddish orange |
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It differentiates S. aureus from S. intermedius |
Voges-Proskauer Test |
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Positive result for Voges-Proskauer Test
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Acetoin (Acethylmethyl carbinol) production in pink color
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Reagent used in Voges-Proskauer Test
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40% KOH
1% Alphanapthtol |
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It is used to detect DNAse activity of S. aureus |
DNAseTest |
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Positive result of DNAse test |
Clearing of the dye |
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It is accquired after prolonged stay in the hospital (ICU and burn patients)
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Methichillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
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Chromogenic test of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
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Mauve colored colonies within 24 hours and confirmed within 48 hours (white to blue green)
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Specimen of MRSA |
Nasal swabs |
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It is a contaminant of medical instruments like cathethers, shunts and prosthetic heart valve inplants |
Staphylococcus epidermidis |
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What causes the Staphylococcus epidermidis' adherence to devices |
Poly-gamma-DL-glutamic acid |
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Antimicrobial Test of Staphylococcus epidermidis
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Susceptible with 5ug Novobiocin (16-27mm)
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Most common cause of UTI
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Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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It adheres more effectively to the epithelial cells lining the urogenital tract than other CoNS
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Staphyloccocus saprophyticus
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Antimicrobial test of Staphyloccocus saprophyticus |
Resistant to 5ug Novobiocin (6-12mm zone of inhibition) |
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It is coagulase-negative staphylococci by tube method |
Staphylococcus lugdunensis |
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It is heme enzyme which catalyzes the decomposition of Peroxide to water and oxygen
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Catalase
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Aerobic catalase test |
using 3% Peroxide |
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Anaerobic catalase test
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using 15% Peroxide
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Postive result of Catalase Test
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bubble formation or effervescence
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It is the most useful and widely used Beta lactamase test
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Cephalosporinase Test
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Positive result of cephalosporinase test
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Deep pink or Red color within 10minutes
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Reagent used in Acidimetric Method |
Citrate-buffered penicillin and phenol red as a pH indicator |
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Positive result of acidimetric method |
Color change from red to yellow |
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Reagents with Iodometric method
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Phosphate-buffered penicillin and starch iodine complex
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Positive result of Iodometric method |
Colorless solution |
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Antimicrobial tests for S. aureus and CoNS |
6ug/mL vancomycin using 100uL of a 0.5 Mc Farland Suspension of S.aureus on BAP |
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Screening Test of S. aureus for oxacillin resistant
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MHA with 2-4% NaCl + 6um/mL oxacillin:incubated for 24 hrs at 35C
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Gold standard for oxacillin resistance |
Cefoxitin Disk Diffusion Test |
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It is used detect inducible clindamycin resistance in staphylococci
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Double Disk Diffusion Test (D test)
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For detection of heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus |
Macro E test |
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It is the best method for detection of either vancomycin-resistant S. Aureus |
Broth Microdilution Test |
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For detection of both clumping factor and protein A |
Latex agglutination test |
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Gold standard for MRSA detection
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Nucleic acid probes or PCR amplification
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It stimulates production of a large amount of cytokines that are responsible for the symptoms |
Toxic Shock Syndrome 1 |
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It is absorbed through the vaginal mucosa, allowing the systemic effects seen in TSS |
Toxic Shock Syndrome 1 |
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Jet black colonies of S. aureus |
Tellurite Glycine Agar |
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Positive result of Polymyxin Sensitivity Test |
Resistant to S. aureus |
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It is a class of enzyme inactivating genes |
Erm gene |
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It codes for an efflux mechanism which results in resistance to erythromycin but susceptibility to clindamycin |
msr A gene |
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Negative result for Iodometric Method |
Purple |
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It is a better marker of resistance rather than oxacillin |
Cefoxitin |
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Confirmatory test for oxacillin resistance |
Broth dilution E test |
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It is superficial cutaneous infection characterized by crusty lesions and vesicles surrounded by a red border
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Impetigo
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