Ss3

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Charles V

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Of the Hapsburg empire, controlled most of Europe between 1520 and 1555. After Peace of Augsburg, he divided the empire between his bro Ferninand who received Austria and the holy roman empire and his son Phillip II inherited the land.

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Phillip II

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Felt an obligation to defend his catholic religion against the ottomans and protestants. Defeated ottomans at Lepanto but lost to the British in 1588

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El Greco

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Native born Greek who spent a great deal of time painting in Spain. Painted deeply religious figures of martyrs and Saints using rich colors and distorted figures.

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Cervantes

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Wrote Don Quixote, a book about a Spanish nobleman who becomes crazy after reading too many books about knights .

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Inflation

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Rapid, caused by large amounts of gold and silver in Spain. Nobles didn't have to pay taxes so the burden was left to those in poverty

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William of Orange

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The seven northern provinces of the Netherlands defeated an army of Spanish soldiers by flooding the lowlands. Became the protestant Netherlands led by William of Orange. The remaining 10 southern provinces became Catholic, Belgium remaining under Spanish control.

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Dutch

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Had the largest merchant in 1636, 14800 ships, became the leaders of trade in Europe.

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Rembrandt

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A leading dutch artist using contrast to show distinctive facial characters

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Absolutism

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Many European rulers ruled by this, believing they were granted this power by Divine right

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Huguenots

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Fought catholics between 1562 - 1598, resulted in an unstable government and a weakened nation

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Middle class

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Usually supported the monarchs due to the stability they provided during tumultuous times

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Henry IV

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The first king in the Bourbon dynasty of France, strong leader, ended religious fighting, strengthened the economy, converted to catholicism, but allowed protestism, stabbed to death by a fanatic

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Louis XIII

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Henry IV's son, weak leader, overtaken by Cardinal Richelieu

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Cardinal Richelieu

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Ceased the opportunity to have a wide influence on the king and became ruler, removed walls from nobles castles and the cities. Involved France in 30 year war with Hapsburg empire.

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Descartes

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He was in a group called Sketics , who placed doubt in the forefront of philosophical thinking, became a leader of enlightenment thinking and scientific method

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Louis XIV

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Became leader at 3, 30 year war ended and France was the leading power. Took charge at 23, strengthened central government weakened nobles. Also cancelled the edict of Nantes which caused valuable Huguenots to leave. Looked to strengthen the French nation into a mercantilist power. European nations united the league of Augsburg to battle against Louis.

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Cardinal Mazarin

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Temporary ruler until Louis comes of age. Placed high taxes and threatened nobles. Violence erupted

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Colbert

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Assisted to strengthen the French nation into a mercantilist power, made it independent, protected French companies expanding colonies

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Palace of Versailles

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Arts flourished, where the parliament was

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Treaty of Utrecht

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Ended the war of Spanish succession of twelve years

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Thirty years War

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Broke out after the treaty of Augsburg failed to end the tension between catholics and Lutherans.

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Ferdinand II

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Inherited the land, future holy roman emperor ,closed some protest

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Pease of westphalia

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Saw Spain and Austria weakened, Germany gave land to France. German princes independent of the roman emperor and introduced the method of negotiations to the peace table.

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Charles VI

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Solidified his power for his daughter, Maria Theresa, by getting leaders of Europe to recognize her right to rule the empire

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Maria theresa

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Tried to defend Austria against Frederick II, signed an alliance with the French. Then Frederick tried to ally with the British

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Frederick II

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Inherited the land holdings of Prussia and Brandenburg, built a standing army, placed junkers or nobility as officerd, beheaded his son's friend to strengthen up his son. Proved to be Frederick the Great

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Seven years War

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Austria, France, Russia, and others were now involved in a war against the British and Prussia known as the French . Also knows in America today

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Ivan III

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Of Moscow who ruled from 1462-1505. Conquered much of the territory around Moscow. Liberated Russia from the mongols and centralized the Russian government

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Ivan IV

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Grandson of Ivan II. King at 1533, known as Ivan the terrible. Hunted down the boyars

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Anastasia

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A daughter of an old Boyar family the romanoffs died mysteriously

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Peter the Great

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Assumed Ultimate control over Russia, Russia remained isolated due to religious differences

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Russian isolation

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Russia isolated due to religious differences, geographic reasons, and due to mongol occupation.

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Grand embassy

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Peter toured Western Europe and worked and acted as a commoner

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Peter's plan

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Peter brought the church under state control, gave huge land holdings to men from lower ranking families, and created an army of 200,000 men that drilled under the finest European military trainers. Peter paid for all of this with heavy taxes

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St Petersburg

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Peter built the city of St. Petersburg on a swampy marshland that had access to the Baltic sea and western europe

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James Stuart

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King of Scotland also because King of England, the two did not unite until 1707, made new translation of bible, ruled by divine right, disagreed with parliament often.

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Charles I

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Became king, dissolved parliament multiple times, forced to sign the petition of rights.

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Petition of right

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1. The king would not imprison any subjects without due cause.

2. The king would not levy taxes without the parliament's consent.

3. He would not house soldiers in private homes.

4. He would not impose martial law in peacetime

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English Civil War

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Fought between Charles and the cavaliers vs. Oliver Cromwell and the roundheads. Cromwell won and Charles was executed

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Cromwell

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Promoted puritan values and crushed a revolt in Ireland. Killing 616,000 irish.

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James II

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A catholic assumed the throne and was betrayed by parliament

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William of orange

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Married to James II's daughter, invited to invade england and become new king

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Constitutional Monarchy

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Where the monarchy's power is limited by the law

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Cabinet

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A system devised to serve as a voice for the monarchy in parliament

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Prime minister

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Head of the Cabinet and Majority party.