S.s. Test Ch. 10/11

Front 1

Prince Henry the Navigator

Back 1

He set up a research center in southern Europe. He invited sailors, cartographers, and shipbuilder to help him explore the world.

Front 2

Ferdinand Magellan

Back 2

He led the first expedition to sail around the world.

Front 3

Sir Francis Drake

Back 3

He circumnavigated the whole world.

Front 4

Christopher Columbus

Back 4

Discovered the Americas in 1492. He was the first European to sail west in search for a water route to Asia.

Front 5

Ptolemy

Back 5

He stated that the sun and the planets moved around the Earth in circular paths. It was called a geocentric universe, or Earth - centered universe.

Front 6

Bartolomeu Dias

Back 6

He reached the southern tip of Africa, and named it the Cape of Good Hope.

Front 7

Henry Hudson

Back 7

Discovered & explored the Hudson River & Hudson Bay.

Front 8

John Cabot

Back 8

He discovered Newfoundland & Canada. Disappeared on his second voyage.

Front 9

Jacques Cartier

Back 9

Discovered & explored St. Lawrence River.

Front 10

Hernan Cortes

Back 10

He marched across Mexico, and took control of the Aztec Empire.

Front 11

Giovanni de Verrazano

Back 11

He mapped the coast of North Carolina to Newfoundland, but did not find a path to Asia.

Front 12

Vasco da Gama

Back 12

He rounded the tip of Africa, raced across the Indian Ocean, and landed on India's coast. He did covered a route to East Asia. He was also the first European to do so.

Front 13

Francisco Pizarro

Back 13

He conquered the Incan Empire, and claimed most of South America for Spain.

Front 14

Thomas Hobbes

Back 14

He said humans are naturally cruel, selfish, and greedy, so the king should have absolute power.

Front 15

John Locke

Back 15

He said people have a right to elect their government, and that the parliament should have power over the king.

Front 16

Baron de Montesquieu

Back 16

He formed the three branches of government that had separate, but equal power: executive, legislative & judicial.

Front 17

Cesare Beccaria

Back 17

He said criminals should not be tortured, they should receive fair treatment, including a trial.

Front 18

Abigail Adams

Back 18

She supported womens rights for education, and the movement for independence from England. She said women will not obey any laws in which they don't have a voice. She was married to John Adams, one of the leaders of the American Revolution.

Front 19

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Back 19

He was a French Man who said people need to be in touch with their feelings. He said people rely too much on reason to solve problems. Government should be based on a social contract between the people - An Elected Body of Representatives.

Front 20

Mary Wollstonecraft

Back 20

She was the founder of the womens' movement, She sought to eliminate inequality in education. She claimed all humans have reason, and wrote a book called A Vindication of Rights of Women.

Front 21

Henry VII of England

Back 21

He broke away from the Catholic Church, and made his kingdom Protestant. Spain was strongly Catholic, so the Dutch people rebelled against them.

Front 22

Elizabeth I of England

Back 22

She helped the Dutch fight Spain. She gave a license to privateers, allowing them to attack ships of other countries.

Front 23

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Back 23

He led 13 ships on a voyage back to India, after Vasco da Gama, for the Portuguese. The Portuguese fought a war against the Muslim merchants in the Indian Ocean.

Front 24

Andreas Vesalius

Back 24

He was a Flemish Doctor who began dissecting dead human bodies for research. He published a book called "On the Structure of the Human Body." In the book he presented a detailed account of the human body that replaced many of Galen's ideas.

Front 25

Voltaire

Back 25

He was the greatest thinker of the time, and he disliked the Roman Cathoic Church. He wrote many novels, plays, letters, and essays, that brought him fame and wealth.He blamed church leaders for keeping knowledge from people in order to maintain the Church's power. He opposed the government for supporting one religion and forbidding others. He thought people should be free to choose their own beliefs, and he supported deism.

Front 26

Columbian Exchange

Back 26

Christopher Columbus began this idea of trading with the world, from Europe, when he brought back goods from the Americas to Europe in 1492. There was a global exchange of people, goods, technology, ideas, and even diseases.

Front 27

mercantilism

Back 27

It is the idea that a country gains power by compiling a large supply of gold and silver.

Front 28

capitalism

Back 28

A system in which people, rather than governments, own property and make goods. Individuals and private companies owned by individuals, decide what products to buy and sell.

Front 29

Cottage Industry

Back 29

It asked peasants to make wool & the peasants liked this because they could do work from home.

Front 30

joint-stock company

Back 30

They were businesses that people can invest in by buying a hare of that company. These shares are called stocks.

Front 31

Commercial Revolution

Back 31

To increase trade, Europeans set up colonies and created joint-stock companies.

Front 32

cartography

Back 32

map-making

Front 33

supply and demand

Back 33

supply - the things people want to sell and the price they can afford to sell it
demand - what people want to buy and the price they are willing to pay for it

Front 34

horses

Back 34

A large, solid-hoofed, herbivorous quadruped, equus caballus, domesticated since prehistoric times, bred in a number of varieties, and used for carrying or pulling loads, for riding, and for racing. It was found in America and brought to Europe.

Front 35

astrolabe

Back 35

Ancient Greek devices that could be used to find latitude.

Front 36

compass

Back 36

It was invented by the Chinese, and it helped navigators find magnetic north.

Front 37

sugarcane

Back 37

The Portuguese set up large sugarcane plantations along the Brazilian coast. They brought enslaved people from Africa to work there. Soon half the population of Brazil was made up of enslaved Africans.

Front 38

caravel

Back 38

Ships that combined the use of many masts, smaller sails, and new types of rudder to make ships go faster.

Front 39

Spanish Armada

Back 39

The huge fleet of Spain that fought wars one sea.

Front 40

colony

Back 40

A settlement of people living in a new territory controlled by their home countries. Colonists produce goods for their country, if there is not enough, or if there is a greater demand.

Front 41

potatoes

Back 41

a starchy plant tuber that is one of the most important food crops;it is cooked and eaten as a vegetable. It was discovered in the Americas and brought to Europe.

Front 42

Goods exchanged...Americas to Europe, Asia, and Africa

Back 42

Avocados, beans, cassava, cocoa beans, corn, disease peanuts, peppers, pineapples, vanilla, turkey, tomatoes, tobacco, sweet potatoes, squash, quinine, pumpkins & potatoes

Front 43

Goods exchanges...Europe, Asia, and Africa to Americas

Back 43

Turnips, sugarcane, grains, wheat, rice, barley, oats, pears, peaches, onions, olives, livestock, cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, honeybees, bananas, citrus fruits, coffee beans, disease & grapes

Front 44

geocentric universe

Back 44

Earth-centered universe

Front 45

heliocentric universe

Back 45

Sun-centered universe

Front 46

scientific method

Back 46

An orderly way of collecting and analyzing evidence.

Front 47

theory

Back 47

An explanation of how or why something happens.

Front 48

thermometer

Back 48

Invented by Galileo & Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in the early 1700' in Germany/Italy. It's purpose is to measure the weather outside by reading the height of the mercury.

Front 49

barometer

Back 49

It was invented by Evangelista Torricelli in the 1640's in Italy. The height of the mercury measures the pressure of the atmosphere.

Front 50

rationalism

Back 50

The belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge, founded by a Frenchman Rene Descartes.

Front 51

Frenchman Rene Descartes

Back 51

He said reason was the chief source of knowledge, and wrote a book called Discourse on Method.

Front 52

William Harvey

Back 52

He was the first one to prove blood existed.

Front 53

Robert Hooke

Back 53

He discovered the existence of cells using microscope.

Front 54

Nicolaus Copernicus

Back 54

He believed that we had a heliocentric universe or a sun-centered universe.

Front 55

Isaac Newton

Back 55

He was an English mathematician discovered the Laws of Motion and gravity. He combined the ideas of Copenicus, Kepler & Galileo.

Front 56

Ptolemy

Back 56

An Egyptian-born astronomer who said we have a geocentric universe, or a earth-centered universe.

Front 57

Johannes Kepler

Back 57

He supported the heliocentric universe of Copernicus, but said planets move in ellipses or oval paths, not circular paths.

Front 58

Galileo Galilei

Back 58

He said the objects fall at the same speed no matter what. He also contributed to the inventions of the telescope & thermometer.

Front 59

Robert Boyle

Back 59

He was an Irish scientist who proved all substances are made up of basic elements that cannot be broken down.

Front 60

Antoine Lavoisier

Back 60

He proved that materials need oxygen to burn.

Front 61

Marie Lavoisier

Back 61

Scientist who was married to Antoine Lavoisier, and helped him work.

Front 62

Francis Bacon

Back 62

An English thinker who developed the scientific method. First, you develop a hypothesis, then create an experiment, and then prove it true or false.